Chemistry Flashcards
______-is a pure substance that is distinguished from all other matter by the fact that
it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means
Elements
_______-the smallest quantity of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Atom
______-composed of subatomic particles
Structure of atoms
_____-positively charged particles found in the nucleus (center) of an atom
Protons
_____-neutral or have no charge; are also found in the nucleus
Neutrons
_____-negatively charged and exist in the orbits/shells around the nucleus.
Electrons
______-two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Molecules
What type of chemical bonds is this?
_____-formed between oppositely charged ions
• When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes electrically charged
• Ions are charged atoms or molecules
o Examples: Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+),
hydrogen (H+), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and ferric iron (Fe3+) are examples of
important ionic atoms in the body. Phosphate (PO43-), monohydrogen phosphate
(HPO42-), dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-), carbonate (CO32-), bicarbonate
(HCO3-), amino acids, and nucleotides are examples of important ionic
molecules
Ionic Bonds
What type of chemical bonds is this?
_____-form when electrons are shared between atoms
Covelent Bonds
What type of chemical bonds is this?
Covalent bonds
_____-electrons shared equally
o Example: Molecular oxygen (O2), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and triglycerides are
examples of important non-polar molecules.
Non polar bonds
What type of chemical bonds is this? Covalent bonds \_\_\_\_\_\_-electrons are NOT shared equally o Examples: Water (H2O), glucose (C6H12O6), and Urea (CO(NH2)2) are examples of important polar molecules
Polar bonds
______-interaction between partial charges of polar molecules. In water
there is partial positive charge of hydrogens atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen
because oxygen strongly attracts electrons. Molecules that contain hydrogen bound to nitrogen or
sulfur can also form this type of bond with other polar molecules.
Hydrogen bonds
______-of water results in hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules
giving water some unique vital properties
Polarity
Vital properties:
_____-water molecules are attracted to each other and this property causes
them to exclude nonpolar molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water.
Cohesive
Vital properties:
_____-the dissolving agent in a solution. Water dissolves polar chemicals,
making it a good medium for transporting biological molecules.
Solvent
Solvent:
_____-is a liquid consisting of two or more substances evenly mixed
Solution
Solvent:
_____-is the substance being dissolved
Solute
Solvent:
______-ions and polar molecules are water
soluble.
Hydrophilic (water loving)
Solvent:
_____-Non-polar molecules do not dissolve in
water.
Hydrophobic (water fearing)
Solvent:
_____-molecules that have polar and non-polar regions are
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
o Example: Phospholipids
Amphiphilic
Solvent:
____-quantity of solute dissolved in a volume of solution.
Ø pH: measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a
solution (acidity).
Concentration
pH=
-log [H]
High acidity corresponds to a 13)____ pH
and a 14)______ concentration of H+
13) low
14) high
High 15)______________ - water requires a lot of energy to increase in temperature, and
releases a lot of energy when it cools.
o Water in blood transports heat through the body helping to stabilize body
temperature
15) High specific heat
High 16)______________ – it takes a large amount of heat to evaporate water.
o Example of sweat as a mechanism of evaporative cooling: heat is removed from
the body to provide energy for the evaporation of water from sweat.
16) Heat evaporation
Chemical reaction:
______-a catabolic reaction in which a water molecule is
consumed to breaks a covalent bond in another molecule apart
§ Example: Hydrolysis of a polymer (such as the polysaccharide amylose a
common form of starch) to release a monomer (amylose is a long chain of
glucose monomers).
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction;
_____-anabolic reaction mechanism removes water to form bonds
§ Example: Opposite of above dehydration synthesis forms polymers (such
as amylose) from monomers (such as glucose).
Dehydration synthesis
_____-chemicals do not contain carbon.
• Examples: Water (H2O), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+),
hydrogen (H+), ferrous iron (Fe2+), ferric iron (Fe3+), Phosphate (PO43-),
Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-), Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-), Carbonate (CO32-
), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Inorganic chemicals
______-molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. Biological
macromolecules are important large organic molecules that contain carbon bound to hydrogen
and oxygen. Some also contain nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or selenium.
• Specific macromolecules have unique three-dimensional structures that define their
functions in an organism. The macromolecules of your body recognize one another based
on their shapes.
• Most macromolecules are polymers. Polymers are made by stringing together many
smaller molecules called monomers (subunits).
o Examples: Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Nucleic acids are
polymers of nucleotides. Peptides are polymers of amino acids.
Organic chemicals
_____-includes sugars and starches
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)
• Monomer = monosaccharide
• Classified according to size
Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates according to size:
____-one sugar, referred to as simple sugars
§ Examples: Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Monosaccharides
Classification of carbohydrates according to size:
_____-a double sugar
§ Examples: Maltose (produced from amylose), lactose (found in milk), and
sucrose (table sugar).
Disaccharide
Classification of carbohydrates according to size:
____-complex carbohydrates formed by long chains of
monosaccharides
§ Examples: Glycogen (animal), amylose (starch common in plants),
cellulose (cell walls of plants).
Polysaccharides
____-hydrophobic chemicals.
• Composed of mostly carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen
Lipids
Types of lipids: \_\_\_\_\_\_-triglycerides o A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids o Found in fat deposits (adipose tissue) o Source of stored energy and insulation o Cushions organs *Unsaturated fatty acids *Saturated fatty acids -
Fat or neutral fat
Types of Fat or neutral fat:
_____-have less than the maximum number of
hydrogen bonded to the carbons and are usually liquid at room
temperature.
Ø Examples: Most plant oils; vegetable or corn oil
Unsaturated fatty acids
Types of Fat or neutral fat:
_____-have the maximum number of hydrogen bonded
to the carbons
Ø Example: Most animal fats
Saturated fatty acids
Types of Fat or neutral fat:
____-composed of phosphate head (hydrophilic) and two lipid tails
(hydrophobic)
o Forms cell membranes and the myelin sheaths of neurons
Phospholipids
Types of Fat or neutral fat:
_____-a 20 carbon fatty acid with a 5 or 6 carbon ring
o Examples: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
Eicosanoids
Types of Fat or neutral fat:
____-the carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings
o Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
o Example: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, bile salts, vitamin D.
Steriods
______- a macromolecule consisting of one or more polymers called polypeptides
constructed from monomers called Amino Acids
Proteins
Proteins-a macromolecule consisting of one or more polymers called 28______
constructed from monomers called 29__________.
28) Polypeptides
29) Amino acids
______-Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
• There are 20 different amino acids commonly found peptides
• The arrangement and combination of amino acids makes each protein different
• Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds
Protein
_____-protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment
Protein Shape
What protein shape is this?
_____-order of amino acids
Primary structure
1*
What protein shape is this?
____–polypeptide folded into a helix or a sheet
Secondary Structure
2*
What protein shape is this?
_____-sheets and helices folded into a 3-D globule
Tertiary Structure
3*
What protein shape is this?
_____-several tertiary units put together
*A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function
§ Example: sickle cell anemia
Denaturation-high temperature and extreme pH can cause a protein to unravel
and lose its shape
Quaternary structure
4*
Types of proteins:
_____-Provides for construction materials for body tissues
o Important role in structure
o Examples: collagen, elastic fibers, keratin, actin, and myosin.
Fibrous Proteins
Types of proteins:
_____-Relies on complex folded structure to function
o Plays a vital role in cell function
o Act as enzymes, hormones, transport proteins or antibodies
o Examples: enzymes (renin, amylase, carbonic anhydrase), transport proteins
(hemoglobin, albumin, transferrin), hormones (insulin, growth hormone, leptin),
transmembrane proteins (receptors, channels and transporter proteins), defense
proteins (perforin, complement proteins, and antibodies).
Globular proteins
_____-polymers that function as genetic information storage molecules.
Nucleic Acids
Nuclei Acids :
Consist of monomers called 36)____________ that are linked by bonds
(phosphodiester bonds) between the phosphate groups forming a sugar-phosphate
backbone
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids:
Monomers consist of______
5 carbons sugars
phosphate group
Nucleic base
What are the two Types of Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA
what type of nucleic acids is this?
Composed of 4 types of nucleotides
§ Purines – Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
§ Pyrimidines – Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
o Organized by complimentary base pairing to form a double stranded helix
§ Guanine (G) forms hydrogen bonds with 37)___cytosine __
§ Adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with 38)_thymine____
§ The nucleotides of the two stands are joined by hydrogen bonds
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Composed of 4 types of nucleotides; Purines:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Composed of 4 types of nucleotides; Pyrimidines:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Organized by complimentary base pairing to form a double stranded helix:
Guanine (G) forms hydrogen bonds with 37)________
Cytosine
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Organized by complimentary base pairing to form a double stranded helix:
Adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with 38)________
The nucleotides of the two stands are joined by hydrogen bonds
Thymine
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
RNA is different from DNA in that:
§ Its sugar is 39)_________ instead of deoxyribose
§ It has the base 40)_________ instead of thymine (T)
§ The most common forms such as messenger RNA (mRNA) are single
stranded polymers in contrast to the double stranded structure of DNA.
39) Ribose
40) Uracil
