Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTRS 825 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Immediate sources of energy don’t require ___?

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are immediate sources of energy?

A
  • anaerobic hydrolysis of ATP in cytosol
  • phosphocreatine system
  • adenylate kinase/myokinase system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are nonoxidatve/glycolytic sources of energy?

A

-catabolism of glucose/glycogen in cytosol with lactic acid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How long can glycolytic energy sustain muscular activity?

A

rapid, high intensity for 15-30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are oxidative sources of energy?

A

catabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the primary energy source for long duration muscular contraction?

A

oxidative energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

aerobic or anaerobic breakdown of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage in liver and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen is broken into glucose-1 phosphate for use by muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesis of glucose from pyruvate or lactate; occurs in liver and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?

A

PFK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Summary of Glycolysis:

A
  • 1 molecule of 6-carbon glucose is broken down into 2 molecules pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
  • glucose used=consumes 2 ATP and yields 4 ATP
  • glycogen used= 1 ATP consumed and 4 ATP produced
  • 2 NADH produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Under aerobic conditions during glycolysis, what happens to pyruvate and NADH and what cycles are they a part of?

A

transported to mitochondria

  • pyruvate->acetyl-CoA=TCA cycle
  • NADH=ETC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Under anaerobic conditions during glycolysis, what happens to NADH and pyruvate?

A
  • NADH is oxidized to NAD+

- pyruvate is reduced to lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During glycolysis, what does an accumulation of pyruvate result in?

A

inhibition of ATP re-synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is lactate oxidized to in working muscle?

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the preferred fuel for heart and red skeletal muscle?

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lactate and pyruvate build up as a result of anaerobic glycolysis, but why is that not always bad?

A

both can be moved to other cells/organs and mitochondria for energy source or to the liver for gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are facts about lactate?

A
  1. Links aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
  2. Shuttles NADH and electrons to the mitochondria
  3. Helps regulate glucose levels
  4. Stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the oxidative system a slow or fast source of energy?

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the oxidative system come into play in relation to glycolysis?

A

after pyruvate and NADH produced (aerobic glycolysis)

22
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the oxidative system?

A

PDH–pyruvate dehydrogenase

23
Q

What is the ETC?

A

utilization of NADH from aerobic glycolysis and the TCA cycle

24
Q

What are the end products of ETC?

A

CO2 and O2

25
Q

What product goes to the TCA cycle after its conversion?

A

acetyl-CoA

26
Q

What is esterification?

A

attachment of FFAs to 3-carbon (glycerol) backbone = triglyceride

27
Q

Where does esterification occur?

A

in liver

28
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

process of triglyceride dissolution

29
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

mixture of triglycerides and phospholipids encapsulated by protein and cholesterol
-transport for lipids

30
Q

Lipid metabolism can only occur in the presence of ___?

A

oxygen

31
Q

What are key events of lipid metabolism?

A
  • Mobilization
  • Circulation
  • Uptake
  • Activation
  • Translocation
  • β-oxidation
    • TCA / Krebs Cycle
    • Electron Transport
32
Q

What is a FFA esterified to in the cytosol during lipid metabolism?

A

acyl coA

33
Q

Where does lipid metabolism take place?

A

in mitochondria

34
Q

What is beta-oxidation?

A

carbon atoms cleaved from fatty acyl coA producing acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH->TCA and ETC

35
Q

Relate lipid oxidation to CHO oxidation in terms of O2 requirements and energy generation.

A

lipid requires more O2, but generates more energy than CHO

36
Q

What is RER?

A

ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption

37
Q

RER .7 fuel source:

A

lipid

38
Q

RER .85 fuel source:

A

lipid–>CHO

39
Q

RER > 1.0 fuel source:

A

CHO

40
Q

Ketone bodies are produced where and as a result of what?

A

in liver

-low CHO intake, prolonged exercise, uncontrolled diabetes

41
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

by-product of gluconeogenesis (FFAs converted to glucose)

42
Q

What can ketone bodies be re-converted into?

A

acetyl-CoA for energy source in nervous system, kidneys, or muscles

43
Q

What is ketosis?

A

when ketone synthesis by liver exceeds utilization by other tissues
-fruity breath

44
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

low insulin levels and high glucagon concentration induces high glucose production by liver, which lowers pH and induces renal excretion of acid that can result in dehydration

45
Q

How are proteins metabolized?

A

catabolized into amino acids thru proteolysis

46
Q

Can proteins and amino acids be stored?

A

no

47
Q

What is the amino acid pool?

A

total amino acids available from dietary sources or degradation of existing protein

48
Q

What is a product of protein metabolism?

A

ammonia

49
Q

How is ammonia excreted?

A

converted to urea and excreted as sweat or urine

50
Q

Once proteins are deaminated, what do AAs appear as?

A

pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates

PTRS 825 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions