Cardiovascular System and Response to Exercise

Question 1

Diastole is what phase and refers to what part of an ECG?

Answer 1

relaxation phase, T wave to QRS

Question 2

Systole is what phase and refers to what part of an ECG?

Answer 2

contraction phase, QRS to T wave

Question 3

Which phases make up the majority of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 3

atrial and ventricular diastole

Question 4

What is the start of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 4

diastole with ventricular filling

Question 5

What is isovolumteric contraction?

Answer 5

when all valves are closed and ventricles start to contract

Question 6

What is the ejection phase?

Answer 6

inlet valves are closed and outlet valves are open because ventricle pressure exceeds atrial pressure

Question 7

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

Answer 7

all valves closed; ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure and AV valves open for filling

Question 8

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

-homeostasis and responding to stimuli

Question 9

What are parasympathetic controls of the heart and when are they stimulated?

Answer 9

• vagus nerve to SA node

- rest and light to mod PA

Question 10

How does the sympathetic nervous system exert control over the heart and when is it stimulated?

Answer 10

• catecholamines–epi and norepi

- near max to max effort

Question 11

How does norepinephrine affect the heart?

Answer 11

increase myocardial contractility and blood flow

Question 12

How does maximal stimulation affect heart contraction?

Answer 12

doubles force of ventricular contraction

Question 13

Is the intrinsic rhythmicity of the AV node slower or faster than the SA nodes’s?

Answer 13

slower

Question 14

Why is ventricular tachycardia BAD?

Answer 14

the heart never has time to relax and allow blood flow to the heart muscle itself

Question 15

What is VO2 max a measure of?

Answer 15

CRF

Question 16

Equation for VO2 max

Answer 16

=Q (SVxHR) * arteriovenous O2 difference

Question 17

What is cardiac output?

Answer 17

amount of blood pumped out of the heart per unit time

-SV * HR

Question 18

How does Q respond to training?

Answer 18

increases

Question 19

What is SV?

Answer 19

=end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Question 20

How does SV respond to work?

Answer 20

increases curvilinearly with work rate until near max (50% aerobic capacity) and increases slightly after

Question 21

How does SV respond to training?

Answer 21

increases

Question 22

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

Answer 22

more blood in ventricle causes greater stretch and contraction with increased force

Question 23

Why is resting heart rate likely to increase with age?

Answer 23

decreased parasympathetic control

Question 24

Does max heart rate increase or decrease with age?

Answer 24

decrease

Question 25

What is the heart rate steady state?

Answer 25

plateau reached during constant rate of submax work

Question 26

A lower steady-state HR indicates what?

Answer 26

more efficient heart

Question 27

How does HR respond to training?

Answer 27

decreases

Question 28

Can HR decreases be seen better with submax or maximal effort?

Answer 28

submax

Question 29

P wave

Answer 29

atrial depolarization

Question 30

QRS complex

Answer 30

ventricular depolarization

Question 31

T wave

Answer 31

ventricular repolarization

Question 32

What is the anaerobic threshold?

Answer 32

level of exercise where energy can no longer be solely supplied by aerobic metabolism

Question 33

What is an indication that the anaerobic threshold has been reached?

Answer 33

accumulation in lactate (product of anaerobic metabolism)

Question 34

In trained individuals, the anaerobic threshold is ___ than in sedentary?

Answer 34

higher

Question 35

When does RER increase during exercise?

Answer 35

when CO2 production rises at greater rate than O2 consumption

Question 36

What is preload?

Answer 36

amount of blood left after relaxation of ventricles (venous return)

Question 37

What influences preload?

Answer 37

low blood pressure and pooling due to valve dysfunction

Question 38

How does HR respond to compensate for lower preload?

Answer 38

increases

Question 39

What is afterload?

Answer 39

how much pressure heart has to overcome to get blood out (resistance)

Question 40

Why does cardiac output only increase during training when it approaches old max?

Answer 40

oxygen efficiency--already efficient at pre-training and working to be more efficient above max

Question 41

Cardiac output is increased with conditioning because of increases in ___?

Answer 41

SV

Question 42

Individual differences in VO2 max can be explained by differences in ___?

Answer 42

SV

Question 43

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 43

proportion of blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat

Question 44

EF equation

Answer 44

=SV/EDV

Question 45

A lower EF indicates what?

Answer 45

heart not functioning very well

Question 46

Karvonen formula to find target heart range

Answer 46

training range % (max HR-resting HR) + resting HR

Question 47

HR recovery is ___ for trained individuals.

Answer 47

quicker

Question 48

Fick's law of diffusion

Answer 48

amount of gas that moves across sheet of tissue is proportional to area of sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

Question 49

As air comes into the pulmonary system, it is:

Answer 49

- heated - saturated with water vapor - purified (remove pollutants)

Question 50

During exercise dyspnea is caused by what?

Answer 50

inability to readjust blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles

Question 51

What is hyperventilation?

Answer 51

increase in ventilation that exceeds metabolic need for oxygen

Question 52

What is the valsalva maneuver?

Answer 52

breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in lungs--holding for extended period can reduce cardiac output

Question 53

Ventilation matches the rate of ___ ___?

Answer 53

energy metabolism