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PTRS 825 > Cardiovascular System and Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole is what phase and refers to what part of an ECG?

A

relaxation phase, T wave to QRS

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2
Q

Systole is what phase and refers to what part of an ECG?

A

contraction phase, QRS to T wave

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3
Q

Which phases make up the majority of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial and ventricular diastole

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4
Q

What is the start of the cardiac cycle?

A

diastole with ventricular filling

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5
Q

What is isovolumteric contraction?

A

when all valves are closed and ventricles start to contract

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6
Q

What is the ejection phase?

A

inlet valves are closed and outlet valves are open because ventricle pressure exceeds atrial pressure

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7
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A

all valves closed; ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure and AV valves open for filling

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8
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

-homeostasis and responding to stimuli

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9
Q

What are parasympathetic controls of the heart and when are they stimulated?

A
  • vagus nerve to SA node

- rest and light to mod PA

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10
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system exert control over the heart and when is it stimulated?

A
  • catecholamines–epi and norepi

- near max to max effort

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11
Q

How does norepinephrine affect the heart?

A

increase myocardial contractility and blood flow

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12
Q

How does maximal stimulation affect heart contraction?

A

doubles force of ventricular contraction

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13
Q

Is the intrinsic rhythmicity of the AV node slower or faster than the SA nodes’s?

A

slower

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14
Q

Why is ventricular tachycardia BAD?

A

the heart never has time to relax and allow blood flow to the heart muscle itself

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15
Q

What is VO2 max a measure of?

A

CRF

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16
Q

Equation for VO2 max

A

=Q (SVxHR) * arteriovenous O2 difference

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17
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out of the heart per unit time

-SV * HR

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18
Q

How does Q respond to training?

A

increases

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19
Q

What is SV?

A

=end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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20
Q

How does SV respond to work?

A

increases curvilinearly with work rate until near max (50% aerobic capacity) and increases slightly after

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21
Q

How does SV respond to training?

A

increases

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22
Q

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

A

more blood in ventricle causes greater stretch and contraction with increased force

23
Q

Why is resting heart rate likely to increase with age?

A

decreased parasympathetic control

24
Q

Does max heart rate increase or decrease with age?

A

decrease

25
Q

What is the heart rate steady state?

A

plateau reached during constant rate of submax work

26
Q

A lower steady-state HR indicates what?

A

more efficient heart

27
Q

How does HR respond to training?

A

decreases

28
Q

Can HR decreases be seen better with submax or maximal effort?

A

submax

29
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

30
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

31
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

32
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

level of exercise where energy can no longer be solely supplied by aerobic metabolism

33
Q

What is an indication that the anaerobic threshold has been reached?

A

accumulation in lactate (product of anaerobic metabolism)

34
Q

In trained individuals, the anaerobic threshold is ___ than in sedentary?

A

higher

35
Q

When does RER increase during exercise?

A

when CO2 production rises at greater rate than O2 consumption

36
Q

What is preload?

A

amount of blood left after relaxation of ventricles (venous return)

37
Q

What influences preload?

A

low blood pressure and pooling due to valve dysfunction

38
Q

How does HR respond to compensate for lower preload?

A

increases

39
Q

What is afterload?

A

how much pressure heart has to overcome to get blood out (resistance)

40
Q

Why does cardiac output only increase during training when it approaches old max?

A

oxygen efficiency–already efficient at pre-training and working to be more efficient above max

41
Q

Cardiac output is increased with conditioning because of increases in ___?

A

SV

42
Q

Individual differences in VO2 max can be explained by differences in ___?

A

SV

43
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

proportion of blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat

44
Q

EF equation

A

=SV/EDV

45
Q

A lower EF indicates what?

A

heart not functioning very well

46
Q

Karvonen formula to find target heart range

A

training range % (max HR-resting HR) + resting HR

47
Q

HR recovery is ___ for trained individuals.

A

quicker

48
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

amount of gas that moves across sheet of tissue is proportional to area of sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

49
Q

As air comes into the pulmonary system, it is:

A
  • heated
  • saturated with water vapor
  • purified (remove pollutants)
50
Q

During exercise dyspnea is caused by what?

A

inability to readjust blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles

51
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increase in ventilation that exceeds metabolic need for oxygen

52
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver?

A

breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in lungs–holding for extended period can reduce cardiac output

53
Q

Ventilation matches the rate of ___ ___?

A

energy metabolism

PTRS 825 (10 decks)

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