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BB > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis occurs where?

A

cytoplasm (of all cells)

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2
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no

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3
Q

Per 1 glucose, glycolysis yields ____ ATP

A

2

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4
Q

Glucokinase

A

liver, low affinity for glucose compared to hexokinase, acts when BG is high, induced by insulin

G –> G-6-P

step 1 of liver glycolysis & glycogen synthesis

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5
Q

Hexokinase

A

traps glucose

G –> G-6-P

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6
Q

PFK-1

A

rate limiting step

F-6-P –> F-1,6-BP

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7
Q

PFK-2

A

makes the F-2,6-BP that activates PFK-1

F-6-P –> F-2,6-BP

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8
Q

GAPDH

A

produces NADH

GA-3-P –> 1,3-BPG
Pi + NAD+ –> NADH + H+

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9
Q

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

A

substrate level phosphorylation

ADP –> ATP

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10
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

substrate level phosphorylation

ADP –> ATP

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11
Q

which enzymes catalyze irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

A

glucokinase/hexokinase
PFK-1
pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

How is the NADH produced from glycolysis oxidized aerobically?

A

mitochondrial ETC

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13
Q

How is the NADH produced from glycolysis oxidized anaerobically?

A

cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

pyruvate –> acetyl-CoA + NADH

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15
Q

____ stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

insulin

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16
Q

____ inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Citric acid cycle occurs where?

A

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate & fatty acyl CoA cross the membranes, and acetyl CoA is made in matrix

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18
Q

What is the purpose/products of the citric acid cycle?

A

to oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2

generates:
NADH
FADH2
GTP

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19
Q

ETC occurs where?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

Reduction potentials ____ down the ETC until the electrons end up on _____ which has the _____ reduction potential.

A

increase
oxygen
highest

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21
Q

____ can’t cross the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

NADH

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22
Q

What are the 2 shuttle mechanisms used to transfer electrons to mitochondrial matrix

A

glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

malate-aspartate shuttle

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23
Q

Complex I

A

NADH –> NAD+ + H+
2e- –> Q
4H+ to inter membrane space

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24
Q

Complex II

A

succinate –> fumarate + 2H+
e- –> Q via FAD

0H+ transfer in this step

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25
Q

Complex III

A

receives e- from Q –> passes to cytochrome c

4H+ to inter membrane space

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26
Q

Complex IV

A

receives e- from cytochrome c
reduces O2:
O2 + 4H+ –> 2H2O

2H+ to inter membrane space

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27
Q

ATP synthase

A

ADP + Pi –> ATP

3H+ returns to matrix

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28
Q

What force is used as energy to make ATP in the ETC?

A

Proton-motive force, made by the proton gradient between the inter membrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

What is the energy yield from glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?

A

2 NADH
2 ATP

= 7 ATP

30
Q

What is the energy yield from pyruvate dehydrogenase of 2 pyruvate molecules (1 glucose molecule)?

A

2 NADH

= 5 ATP

31
Q

What is the energy yield from citric acid cycle x2 (1 glucose molecule)?

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP

= 20 ATP

32
Q

What is the total energy yield from metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP

33
Q

How much ATP does 1 molecule of NADH yield?

A

2.5 ATP

34
Q

How much ATP does 1 molecule of FADH2 yield?

A

1.5 ATP

35
Q

Glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthesis

36
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

reverse of glycolysis (generation of glucose from lactate, glycerol, some amino acids)

38
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs where?

A

cytoplasm & mitochondria, mostly in liver

39
Q

What enzymes in gluconeogenesis bypasses pyruvate kinase?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

PEP carboxykinase

40
Q

What enzyme in gluconeogenesis bypasses PFK-1?

A

F-1,6-BP-ase

41
Q

What enzyme in gluconeogenesis bypasses hexokinase/glucokinase?

A

G-6-P-ase

42
Q

What 2 enzymes are used for glycogenesis?

A

glycogen synthase

branching enzyme

43
Q

Glycogen synthase creates _______ ________ between _____ molecules

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic links between glucose molecules

44
Q

Glycogen synthase is activated by _____ in the ____ and ____

A

insulin in the liver and muscles

45
Q

Branching enzyme moves a block of oligoglucose from ______ and connects it as a ______ using ________

A

one chain
branch
alpha 1,6 glycosidic link

46
Q

What 2 enzymes are used for glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

debranching enzyme

47
Q

glycogen phosphorylase breaks _______, removing _______

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic links

G-1-P molecules

48
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by _____ in the ____ and by ____ & ____in ____

A

glucagon in the liver

epi & AMP in exercising muscle

49
Q

Debranching enzyme moves a block of oligoglucose from ______ and connects it to the ______ using ________

A

one branch
chain
alpha 1,4 glycosidic link

50
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

generates NADPH and sugars

51
Q

what is the rate limiting step of the PPP?

A

G-6-P dehydrogenase (activated by NADP+ & insulin)

52
Q

PPP occurs where?

A

cytoplasm of most cells

53
Q

How many electrons does cytochrome c carry?

A

1

54
Q

How many electrons does coenzyme Q carry?

A

2

55
Q

How does active muscle generate energy?

A 
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
direct phosphorylation (CP)
fatty acid oxidation
56
Q

How does cardiac muscle generate energy?

A

fatty acid oxidation

57
Q

How does the brain generate energy?

A

1 glucose

2 starvation –> ketolysis

58
Q

What does resting muscle use for energy?

A

free fatty acids

conserves carbs as glycogen

59
Q

What is the key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

60
Q

What is the only fatty acid that humans can synthesize? Where is it made? From what?

A

Palmitic acid
Cytoplasm
Acetyl-CoA

61
Q

Fatty acid oxidation occurs where?

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

Beta oxidation reaction

A 
acyl CoA + FAD + NAD+ + H2O + CoA →
acyl CoA (less 2 carbons) + FADH2 + NADH + H+ + acetyl CoA
63
Q

Beta oxidation generates _____ to enter the _______

A

acetyl CoA

citric acid cycle

64
Q

_____ is transported into the mitochondria via the ______ ______ for use in beta oxidation

A

acyl CoA

carnitine shuttle

65
Q

_____ form during prolonged periods of starvation due to excess ______ in the liver

A

ketone bodies

acetyl CoA

66
Q

ketolysis breaks down _____ _____ into ________

A

ketone bodies

acetyl CoA

67
Q

Carbon skeletons of amino acids are used for energy in ______ or ______

A

gluconeogenesis

ketone body formation

68
Q

amino groups from amino acids are fed into the _____ _____ for excretion

A

urea cycle

69
Q

In the absence of oxygen, _____ from glycolysis will be converted into ______ in the _______

A

pyruvate
lactate
cytoplasm

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