Metabolism Flashcards
The control of metabolism is directed primarily toward
1.maintaining blood [glucose] sufficiently high for nervous tissue to function, and 2. insuring that other cells of the body have adequate substrates
name 6 hormones that influence metabolism
Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Growth Hormone
Cortisol
name 3 stored forms of energy
glycogen
protein
fat (triglycerides)
name 3 forms of energy in the blood
glucose
fatty acids
ketones
what is a difference between keto acids and ketones?
keto acids are intermediates of tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) ketones are derived from fatty acids
name 4 tissues controlling body metabolism
Liver
Skeletal muscle
Adipose tissue
Brain
list the functions of liver hepatocytes
- GLUCOSE <–> GLYCOGEN
- Release Glucose to blood
- Gluconeogenesis
- Formation of triglicerides
- Release triglycerides to blood
- TRIGLYCERIDES –> FATTY ACIDS
- FATTY ACIDS –> KETONE BODIES
- Releases Ketone Bodies to blood
Describe the process of export of triglycerides by hepatocytes
- synthesis of apoprotein, phosphotidylcholine, triacylglycerol, cholesterol in ER
- assembly into prelipoprotein in ER then transfer to Golgi
- Golgi processes
- Formation of secretory vesicle
- VLDL is released into circulation
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describe 6 functions of the liver
- capable of gluconeogenesis (in common with kidney)
- high capacity for storing glucose as glycogen (muscle 3X better)
- capable of releasing glucose into the blood (unique to liver)
- can synthesize and catabolize fat (in common with adipose tissue)
- can export TG into the blood (unique to liver)
- can synthesize and export ketones (unique to liver)
why is skeletal muscle important to overall metabolism?
it constitutes a large percentage of body weight (20%)
Where do the long term and short term energy supply in skeletal muscle come from?
long term: protein
short term: glycogen
why is adipose tissue important for metabolism?
is important in metabolism because it is the great “energy depot” of the body
Fat supplies ___% of daily calories, carbohydrate ___%.
55%
45%
why is the brain important for metabolism?
- its need for a constant supply of metabolic fuels 2. controls the secretion of important hormones (catecholamines, growth hormone and cortisol) that insure the availability of substrates during acute hypoglycemia and and chronic starvation
the brain is only ___% of body mass but is responsible for ___% of total body metabolism
2%
15%