Broad Spectrum Antibiotics Flashcards
What antibiotics are inhibitors of bacterial ribosomes? (4)
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides (Erythromycins)/Ketolides
Clindamycin
What broad spectrum antibiotics block tRNA binding? (2)
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
What broad spectrum antibiotics block translocation? (2)
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
What broad spectrum antibiotics block peptide bonds? (2)
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
In general, the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial ribosomes are bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic.
bacteriostatic
What broad spectrum antibiotic blocks ribosomal 30s synthesis?
tetracyclines
What are the trade names of tetracycline antibiotics? (4)
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Oxytetracycline
Minocycline
What broad spectrum antibiotic:
Affects teeth and bones
Causes sunlight sensitivity
Tetracyclines
What are the clinical advantages of tetracyclines? (5)
- Orally effective
- Favorable therapeutic index
- Broad Spectrum
- Penetrates well in most tissues
- Penetration of human cells to target intacellular parasitic bacteria
What are the adverse side effects of tetracyclines? (4)
Discolor teeth
Blunt skeletal growth
GI upset
Hepatic and renal toxicity
What is the drug of choice for:
Chlamydia
Rickettsial disease like Rocky Mountain, Typhus
Lyme disease
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are safe for b-lactam allergic pts. True or false?
true
What is an alternate drug of choice for :
Syphilis
Mycoplasma
Ligonella
Bronchitis
Tetracyclines
What broad spectrum antibiotics are ribosomal 50s inhibitors? (3)
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
What BS antibiotic:
Extremely BS aerobic/anaerobic Gram +/-
Bacteriostatic
Chloramphenicol
Choramphenicol has few side effects. True or false?
False.
Has many.
Bone marrow toxicity (fatal)
- “Gray baby” syndrome (elimination)
- Multiple drug interactions
Chloramphenicol is used often in US. True or false?
False, better, safer alternatives. More widely used in developing countries.
What is the BS alternative to b-lactams for CNS effectiveness?
Chloramphenicol
What are the 2 macrolides/ketolides?
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
What BS antibiotic is the prototype for the macrolides/ketolides?
Erythromycin
What ketolide was approved in 2004?
Telithromycin (Ketek)
Old (Erythromycin) acid sensitive. New (Azithromycin) not acid sensitive. True or false?
True
What is the activity spectrum of macrolides/ketolides?
Gram +
Some Gram -
Macrolides/Ketolides distribute well in the tissues and CNS. True or false?
False, not well in CNS.
There are many side effects of macrolides/ketolides. True or false?
False
Erythromycin and Telithromycin interact w/P450s and Azithromax does not have drug interactions. True or false?
True
What BS antibiotic is very safe for children?
macrolides/ketolides
What is the drug of choice for:
Mycoplasma infections (M. pneumoniae)
Ligonella
Bordetella pertussis
Campylobacter jejuni (GI)
Respiratory Strep infections
Macrolides/Ketolides
What BS drug:
Has limited resistance
Used for resistant Gram + strains
Ketolides
What are peptide antibiotics that block cell wall and membrane synthesis? (3)
Polymyxin B, E (Aeorsporin, Colistin)
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
What peptide antibiotic:
Works on lipid bilayer
Gram - bacteria
Polymyxins A,B
Are polymyxins bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?
Bacteriocidal
What are the side effects of polymyxins? (2)
serious nephrotoxicity
neurotoxic
What antibiotic:
Limited to topical application ONLY
(usually in combo w/ Gram+ topical,
e.g. Bacitracin)
Polymyxins
What BS antibiotic blocks dephosphorylation in cell wall synthesis?
Bacitracin
What antibiotic:
Works on Gram + bacteria
Mixture of polypeptides
Blocks cell wall synthesis
NOT absorbed by GI tract
Bacitracin
Bacitracin is bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic.
Bacteriostatic
What antibiotic:
Blocks cell wall synthesis by preventing elongation
Is glycopeptide
Gram + bacteria
Bacteriocidal
Vancomycin
What BS antibiotic blocks elongation?
Vancomycin
The drug of choice for MRSA.
What are new antibiotics that fight resistant bacteria? (3)
Tigecycline (Tygacil)
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Synercid)
What new drug is used for VRE?
Tigecycline (Tygacil)
What new antibiotic:
Used for MRSA, VRE
Blocks protein synthesis at tRNA binding on
(30S) ribosomes like macrolides
Class: tetracycline
Tigecycline (Tygacil)
What new antibiotic:
Blocks protein synthesis at tRNAformation
BacteriCIDAL
Low side effects
Oxazolidones
Linezolid (Zyvox)
What is a natural antibiotic approved for Gram + MRSA and VRE infections?
Daptomycin (Cidectin, Cubecin)
What are 3 novel ways to avoid antibiotic resistance?
Natural drugs
Novel target proteins
Block the targets (bacteria)
