Metabolism

Question 1

Catabolic pathways

Answer 1

(Mostly exergonic) release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
- Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism

Question 2

Anabolic pathways

Answer 2

Endorgenic

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
- For example, the synthesis of protein from amino acids is an anabolic pathway

Question 3

Endogenic reactions

Answer 3

Endergonic reaction require relatively large amounts of energy to occur, so does not occur spontaneously.

Question 4

Examples of anabolism ans their products

Answer 4

Proteins=made from aminoacids
Lipids=made from fatty acids

Question 5

Examples of catabolic reaction and their products

Answer 5

Proteins getting broken Down ans water as a end product

Question 6

Types of work in cells

Answer 6

• Chemical: e.g. synthesis of polymers from monomers
• Active transport • Mechanical

Question 7

How does atp work

Answer 7

▪The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by hydrolysis
▪ Energy is released when the terminal ATP phosphate bond is hydrolysed
▪In the cell ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to another molecule to form a phosphorylated intermediate with a higher potential energy.

Question 8

What can atp hydrolysis lead to

Answer 8

-change in protein shape
-ability to bind

Eg in muscle contraction protein and vesicle moved

Question 9

How is atp regenerated

Answer 9

• ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell (cellular respiration)

Question 10

Stages of cellular respiration

Answer 10

Stage 1: Conversion of glucose, fatty acids and some amino acids to acetyl groups (in acetyl-coenzyme A)
➢Glycolysis (Greek: glykys (sweet/sugar) & lysis (splitting)) conversion of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate and ATP
Stage 2: Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle): oxidation of the acetyl groups to CO2 and electrons (in NADH and FADH2)
Stage 3:
Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

Glycolysis stages

Answer 11

Do it

Question 12

Kerbs cycle stages

Answer 12

Do it

Question 13

Oxidative phosphorylation stages

Answer 13

Search it up

Question 14

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

Atp is regenerated by redox reactions

Question 15

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 15

atp is formed in glycolysis and the kerbs cycle

Question 16

Mechanisms of regulation of metabolic pathways

Answer 16

-expression of enzymes( transcription based translation)
-inhibition/activation of enzymes

Question 17

Regulation of glycolysis

Answer 17

-The activity rate of PFK can be adjusted to the systems energy needs. This includes allosteric regulation.
-regulatory enzyme

Question 18

Where does alcohol fermentation occur

Answer 18

In yeast

Question 19

Where does lactate fermentation occur

Answer 19

In fungi,bacteria,muscles

Question 20

What is the difference at the final stage in both respirations

Answer 20

In aerobic respiration oxygen is the final electron acceptor
In anaerobic its organic molecule such as pyruvate or acetalaldhyde