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Cell And Molecular Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a polymer

A

Long molecule consorting of monomers

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2
Q

List polymers

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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3
Q

How are monomers made from polymers

A

Polymers ate dissembled to monomers by hydrolysis

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4
Q

How are polymers made from monomers

A

Dehydration reaction
2 monomers bind tighter through the loss of a water molecule

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrates, small, monomeric molecules

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6
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

only a few monomer units are involved

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7
Q

Polysaccharide

A

long polymers of monosaccharides

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8
Q

What is maltose made of

A

Glucose ans glucose

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9
Q

Formula of monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

How are monosaccharides categorised

A

-location of the carbonyl group
-number of carbons in the skeleton

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11
Q

Trioses

A

Aldehyde such as glyceraldehyde
Ketone such as dihydorxyacetone

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12
Q

Aldose-ketone interconversion

A

Addition of water to form an endiol
Addition of another water molecule

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13
Q

Examples of pentoses

A

Aldose such as ribose
Ketose such as ribulose

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14
Q

Examples of hexoses

A

Aldoses such as glucose or galactose
Ketose such as fructose

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15
Q

Enantiomers of glyceraldehyde

A

-D-glyceraldehyde which has an oh on the right and L glyceraldehyde that has the oh on the left
-they are mirror images hence called enantiomers
-middle carbon is a chiral carbon

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16
Q

Enantiomers of glucose

A

D glucose (oh on the right)
L glucose(oh on the left)

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17
Q

Structure of alpha glucose

A

Draw it

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18
Q

Differences between alpha and beta glucose

A

In alpha the oh on carbon one is at the bottom

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19
Q

Examples of phosphate esters of monosaccharides

A

B-d-glucose-1-phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
B-d-glucose-6-phosphate
A-d-fructose-6-phosphate

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20
Q

Abbreviations of glucose

A

Glc

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21
Q

Abbreviation of glucosamine

A

GlcN

22
Q

Abbreviation of N-acetylglucosamine

A

GlcNAc

23
Q

Abbreviations of galactose

A

Gal

24
Q

Abbreviation of Galactosamine

A

GalN

25
Q

Abbreviation of N-acetylgalactosamine

A

GalNAc

26
Q

Abbreviation of gluconic acid

A

GlcA

27
Q

Abbreviation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)

A

NeuNAc

28
Q

Role of trioses

A

The 3-phosphate is an intermediate in glycolysis
The 1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycolysis

29
Q

Role of pentoses

A

Constituent of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

30
Q

Role of hexoses

A

A major energy source for animal metabolism; structural role in cellulose
As part of lactose (milk); structural polysaccharides
A major plant sugar; part of sucrose; intermediate in glycolysis

31
Q

How is maltose formed

A

Removal of water between two molecules of alpha glucose and the formation of glycosidic bond

32
Q

How is sucrose formed

A

Removal of water between glucose and fructose forming a glycosidic bond

33
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen

34
Q

Starch

A

astoragepolysaccharideofplants,consists entirely of glucose monomers

35
Q

Glycogen

A

a storage polysaccharide in animals

36
Q

What monomer is found in cellulose

A

Beta glucose

37
Q

Bonds in amylose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

38
Q

Bonds in cellulose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

Structure of starch

A

-found in plastids
-amyloses is unbranched
-amylopectin is branched

40
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

-extensively branched

41
Q

Role of Amylase

A

-Amylase is an enzyme that breakdown starch (amylose and amylopectin) into disaccharides and trisaccharides.
-Amylases act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

42
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

-beta glucose monomers
-microfibrils which provide strength in lathe number
-many weak hydrogen bonds which provide strength and rigidity

43
Q

What is chitin

A

-found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and is used in medicine for surgical thread as it decomposes

44
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

It is a structural component in cartilage and is present synovial fluid of joints and in the vitreous humour of the eye.

45
Q

What can polysaccharides play a vital role in

A

Cell recognition as they act as cell markers

46
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

▪ Energy storage and generation (starch, glycogen)
▪ Biological structural materials (cellulose, chitin, etc)
▪ Polysaccharide on cell surface or attached to proteins aid in molecular recognition

47
Q

Gram staining test

A

Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram- negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.

48
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

-strengthens plant cell walls
-stores glucose for energy
-strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

49
Q

What is found in bovine cartilage

A

Proteoglycan

50
Q

Role of heparin

A

Anti cougalant

Cell And Molecular Biology (20 decks)

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