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Cell And Molecular Biology > Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

• Composed of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
• Constituents of fossil fuels, plastics, drugs, plants etc
• Occur diverse range of molecular structures and phases:
- Gases (methane, propane)
- Liquids (benzene)
- Solids (paraffin wax, naphthalene)
- polymers (polyethylene and polystyrene)

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2
Q

How are hydrocarbons divided

A

Aromatic
Aliphatic
>saturated=alkanes,linear or ring,all Bonds are single
>unsaturated=Alkenes or alkynes(c triple bond c),linear or ring,Have double of triple bonds

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3
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows all atoms and all bonds present in the organic compound

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4
Q

Molecular formula

A

-number of each atom present,no information about bonding

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5
Q

Condensed formula

A

Similar to structural but no bonds shown

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6
Q

Skeletal/line formula

A

Most h are omitted and lines are c

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7
Q

Structural formula

A

-Shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
-Not all bonds are shown and all atoms indicated using subscript

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8
Q

Alkanes

A

Simplest class of hydrocarbons
• Each carbon bonded to 4 other atoms
• When naming them, the suffix “ane” is used
• They have the general formula CNH2N+2 where N is an integer

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9
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cnh2n+2

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10
Q

Properties of homologous series

A

• The same general formula
• Similar chemical properties
• Show a gradual variation in physical properties, such as boiling point
• The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

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11
Q

Naming simple alkanes with substituents (alkyl group)

A

Step 1: Find the longest continuous carbon chain (parent chain)
Step 2: Identify the type of substituent attached to the parent chain
Step 3: Number the carbon chain so we have the most substituents (side chain) and lowest number at each substituent
Step 4: Write the full name as: number (position of substituent)- substituent name (for each group in alphabetic order) parent name

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12
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

• CnH2n for non-cyclic compounds

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13
Q

General formula for alkynes

A

CnH2n-2 for non-cyclic compounds

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14
Q

Functional groups

A

• Chemical motifs or patterns of atoms
• Display consistent “function”
• Part of hydrocarbon framework via covalent bonds
• Biomolecules contain many different types/combinations of functional groups • Affect structure, solubility and reactivity

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15
Q

7 functional groups

A

-alcohols
-amino acids(cook or nh2)
-ketone/aldehydes
-dna (phosphate group)
-DNA methylation(ch3)
-protein structure(sh)

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16
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

Carboxyl and amine group
Side chain (rgroup)

17
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

-found in cysteine(amino acid)
-2 cysteine residues in close proximity to each other can form a disulfide bridge also called cystine.
-stabilise protein structure

18
Q

Phosphate group

A

-sugar phosphate of dna
-charged
-acidic as it releases h+ irons into solution

19
Q

Methyl Group

A

• From methane
• Hydrophobic and non polar

20
Q

DNA methylation

A

• Change activity of DNA segment without changing sequence

21
Q

Methylation and how it affects gene expression

A

Find out

22
Q

Isomers

A

• Equal number of atoms of the same element
• Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
• Different structures and properties

23
Q

Structural Isomerism:

A

Chain
Positional
Functional group

24
Q

Stereo-Isomerism:

A

Geometrical (cis-trans)
Conformational eg cyclohexane
Optical/enantiomers

25
Q

Chain Isomerism

A

different arrangement of chain backbone
Consider the molecular formula C6H14

26
Q

Position Isomerism

A

different position of functional group within chain
Consider the molecular formula C3H8O

27
Q

Functional group Isomerism

A

different functional groups
Consider the molecular Formula C4H8O2

28
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

• Equal number of C and H atoms
• Inflexibility of double bond
• different orientations across a double bond
• Inflexibility of double bond
• Different spatial arrangements
• Geometric isomer –restriction rotation

29
Q

Conformational isomers

A

• different orientations of a ring structure
• Rotation around single bond • Interconvert

30
Q

Enantiomers

A

• non-superimposable mirror images of each other
• Asymmetric carbon –four different groups of atoms
• CHIRAL centre

31
Q

How to identify enabntiomers

A

Shine plane polarised light and both enantiomers will rotate in opposite directions

32
Q

Racemic mixture

A

Equal amount of both enantiomers

33
Q

Pharmacological importance of enantiomers

A

-ibuprofen=reduces inflammation and pain
>s ibuprofen is the effective enantiomers and r ibuprofen is ineffective

-albutrol=relaxes bronchial airway muscles,improving airflow in asthma patients
> r abluterol is effective, s is ineffective

Cell And Molecular Biology (20 decks)

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