Metabolism Flashcards
All the biochemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
Larger molecules are built from smaller molecules
Form bonds
Glucose and amino acid > Carbohydrates and protein
Anabolism
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Break bonds
Catabolism
Need energy
Release eneergy
Endergonic
Exergonic
Usually proteins and increase the probability of chemical reactions while being maintained
Enzymes
Characteristics of enzymes (4)
Reusable
Highly specific
Have active site
Small amounts only
Break down sucrose
Break down ribonucleic acid
Link nucleotides
Link NAG and NAM
Sucrase
Ribonuclease
Polymerase
Transferase
Binding of 2 or more molecules together in an enzyme-substrate complex
dehydration reaction
What happens in an active-site when a substrate meets it in a hydrolysis reaction
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Electron shell and substrates react to form an end product by forcing to overlap
Chemical bonds in substrate are stretched or weakened to cause a break
Synthesis reactions
Hydrolysis reactions
Non-protein molecules in enzymes
coenzyme/cofactor
A sequence of chemical reactions of which the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for another reaction
Metabolic pathway
Products of the in between stages
Intermediates
Most common ways of modulating enzyme activity, the first enzyme is inhibited by the final product.
It is typical
Feedback inhibition
When substrate binds to Allosteric site causing a change in shape
Non-competitive inhibition
Universal energy currency
ATP
A bacteria is expected to reform ATP how many times a second to survive?
3 000 000
Inhibitor blocks the active site
Competitive inhibition
ATP composition
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
What holds the three phosphate groups together?
High Energy Bond
ATP with no oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
Ex. fermentation
Stages of aerobic cellular respiration
Glycolysis (2 ATP net gain)
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation (38 ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation (2)
Electron Transport
ATP synthesis
Electron transport but with chlorophyll a
photophosphorylation
Autotrophs that dont use light
Chemoautotrophs
Use light as their energy source and performed organic compounds such as fatty acids and alcohols
photoheterotrophs
Feed on dead organic matter
Feed on living organic matter
Saprobes
Parasite
Use carbon dioxide from atmosphere as sole source of carbon, are usually photosynthetic and obtain energy from sunlight
Autotrophs (photosynthetic bacteria or plants)
Must obtain carbon from their environment in form of relatively complex organic molecules like glucose
Heterotrophs
Defined as the production of ATP
Cellular respiration
Performs Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Obligate aerobes
Occurs in bacteria who live in oxygenated environments, oxygen is consumed to make ATP
Occurs in bacteria who live in environments with no oxygen, oxygen is not used to make ATP
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Most important carbohydrate, energy currency molecule, primary source for ATP
Glucose
Outcomes of glucose (3)
Stored (polysaccharide or glucose)
Oxidized via GLYCOLYSIS - atp pyruvate
Oxidized via PENTOSE PHOSPHATE - nucleic acid NADPH
Storage in animals
Storage in plants
Glycogen
Starch
Production from pentose phosphate
Ribose 5-phosphate
Production from glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in
Cytoplasm
Krebs cycle in eukaryotes
Krebs cycle in prokaryotes
Mitochondrial matrix
Cytoplasm
ETC occurs where
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Plasma membrane
End product of anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acid
ATP production requirements
Energy sources
Electron Carriers
Final electron acceptors
Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotic cell?
What about the prokaryotic cell?
Mitochondria
Plasma membrane
ATP is formed where in bacteria? where in eukarya?
cell membrane
mitochondria
