Metabolism 1 Flashcards
Anabolic vs catabolic: whats happening with ATP and NADH/NADPH etc?
In Catabolic pathways, ATP is being made, and in anabolic pathways ATP is being used to create stuff. Catabolic, youre oxidizing stuff like glucose in order for NAD+ to be reduced to NADH to provide reducing POWER to anabolic pathways
What are some ways pathways are regulated?
Controlling enzyme synthesis, controlling enzyme activity, and controlling substrate availability.
How is enzyme synthesis controlled?
Mostly at the level of transciption and translation.
How is enzyme activity controlled?
Through allosteric effectors, covalent modulators, and through substrate/product effects.
How is substrate availability controlled?
Through compartmentalization and transfer of substrates.
What are four things carbohydrates are used for?
- energy storage as glycogen
- to make DNA and RNA
- Fuel for tissues
- main source of energy in our diets.
- Make up structural components like glycoproteins, mucoproteins, and proteoglycans
monosaccharides:what are the most abundant kinds? Name 4 within that category
Hexoses and pentoses are the most common,: 3 hexoses are glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose. Galactose comes from milk, fructose is used for energy. mannose is used for glycoprotein synthesis.
what is the structure of a monosaccharide
monosaccharides are made of simple sugars and can differ in their aldose or ketose groups `
dissacharide structure:
just simple sugars linked by a glycosidic bond
The four main hexoses are _____
isomers of each other
enantiomers vs epimers
enantiomer is a mirror image(D vs L), and epimers are just different at one carbon
name 3 examples of epimers
glucose and galactose, glucose and mannose. glucose and fructose ARE NOT EPIMERS.
Hexoses spontaneously cyclize which creates:
anomers
alpha vs beta D glucose
alpha and beta are anomers of each other: beta has the OH facing up.
What are the three most abundant dissacharides in the diet?
lactose, maltose, sucrose
What is lactose made of?
glucose and galactose linked with a beta 1-4
maltose
glucose and glucose, bound with an alpha 1-4linkage
sucrose
glucose and fructose: alpha 1 beta 2 linkage
what are the 3 most common polysaccharides?
starch, cellulose, glycogen
what is starch’s structure like? (building blocks and linkages)
Starch is made of a bunch of glucose, linked by either alpha 1-4 bonds (straight chain)in amylose or alpha 1-6 (branches) in amylopectin. It is digested by amylose.
What is the structure of cellulose
Cellulose is made of a bunch of glucose, linked by beta 1-4 linkages. cant be digested by humans, because we dont have cellulase, but it works as fiber!!
What is the structure of glycogen
Glycogen is made up of alpha 1-4 linkages, and also some alpha 1-6 linkages. It acts as fuel storage in humans, and is basically the human version of starch.
