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Grade 12 Biology > Metabolic Processes - Chapter 4 - Pop Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes - Chapter 4 - Pop Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the majority of energy that enters the biosphere

A

solar radiation

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2
Q

What is the overall cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —>
6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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3
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

a process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from
carbohydrates by metabolizing them

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4
Q

What does aerobic cellular respiration occur in

A

most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

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5
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

an organism that cannot live without oxygen

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6
Q

What are the three overall goals of cellular respiration

A
  1. break the bonds between the 6 carbon atoms of glucose resulting in 6 CO2 molecules
  2. move hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen forming 6 water molecules
  3. to trap as much free energy released in the process as possible in the form of ATP
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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. The Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

occurs in the cytoplasm, only stage not occurring within the mitochondria

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9
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

how much energy is required to make ATP

A

approx 3000 KJ/Mole

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11
Q

In all of glycolysis, what net products are created

A

+2 ATP, +2 NADH, +2H+, 2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

What is another name for glycolysis 1

A

Activation Phase

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13
Q

Why is Glycolysis known as activation phase

A

it uses 2 ATP as activation energy since it is an exergonic reaction

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14
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to an ADP

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15
Q

What is different about cellular respiration in prokaryotes than eukaryotes

A

they only have glycolysis as there are no mitochondria

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16
Q

what is the difference in effectiveness between Glycolysis and Aerobic Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic cellular respiration is 17x more effective than glycolysis

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17
Q

What are the other sources of energy in a eukaryotic cell

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation

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18
Q

What is happening in Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid from glycolysis turns into lactic acid, no ATP directly produced, regenerates coenzyme that allows glycolysis to produce 2 ATP

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19
Q

Where is lactic acid usually produced

A

in the muscles is where lactic acid is produced (anaerobic) causing pain

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20
Q

What is happening in alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid turns into alcohol and CO2, no ATP produced, also regenerates coenzyme that allows glycolysis to continue

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21
Q

The creation of ATP is what type of reaction

A

endergonic

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22
Q

The breakdown of ATP into ADP is what type of reaction

A

exergonic

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23
Q

Why is the mitochondria referred to as the powerhouse of the cell

A

It is the location of the citric acid cycle and electron transport generating most of the ATP used by the cell

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24
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

a process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy

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25
What is fermentation
A process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy
26
Anaerobic and fermentation are what type of reaction
catabolic, energy yielding reactions
27
what are obligate anaerobes
an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
28
What is a facultative anaerobe
an organism that can live, with or without oxygen
29
Howmany enzyme catalyzed reactions are in all of glycolysis
Glycolysis as a whole is a 10-step catalyzed process
30
Other than being broken down, what is happening to glucose in glycolysis
Glucose is being oxidized
31
What are the steps to glycolysis 1
Glucose undergoes phosphorylation into glucose-6-phosphate which is then rearranged into Fructose-6-phosphate which is then phosphorylated into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which then lyses open into two Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
32
Every phosphorylation in glycolysis 1 has what happening
ATP turning into ADP
33
Explain what is happening to G3P in Glycolysis 2 step by step
G3P is oxidized by reducing 2NAD+ into 2NADH turning into 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) which then undergoes substrate level phosphorylation turning into 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) which then is rearranged into 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) which then has its electrons moved turning into phosphoenolpyruvate and water removed, PEP then also undergoes substrate level phosphorylation turning into pyruvate
34
What happens at every substrate level phosphorylation in Glycolysis 2
4 ATP are created (1 per G3P), an enzyme is transferring a phosphate from a high energy substrate molecule to ADP
35
What is the overall chemical equation for all of glycolysis
2ADP + 2Pi + Glucose -----> 2 Pyruvates + 2ATP +2NADH +2H+
36
Howmuch of the one glucose molecule's energy, do the two pyruvate molecules produced have?
around 75%
37
What in the outer membrane of the mitochondria allow pyruvate molecules from glycolysis to pass through
Large pores allow for the diffusion
38
What are the three steps to pyruvate oxidation
1. Decarboxylation Reaction (CO2 waste is removed) 2. Redox reaction (2 pyruvate oxidized, 2NAD+ reduced into 2NADH + 2H+, remaining 4C becomes 2 acetic acid) 3. 2 CoA are attached to the 2 acetic acids forming acetyl-CoA held together by unstable C-S bond
39
What is the overall chemical equation for pyruvate oxidation
2 Pyruvates + 2NAD+ = 2CoA ------> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2 waste
40
Why is Acetyl-CoA important
critical in energy metabolism, macromolecules broken down for energy are converted to acetyl-CoA, if ATP levels are low (acetyl-CoA goes to kreb's cycle to produce ATP), if ATP levels are high (acetyl-CoA is channeled to synthesize lipids which is why we accumulate fats when more calories are consumed than we burn)
41
What catalyzes pyruvate oxidation
multi-enzyme complex
42
Once the pyruvate from glycolysis enters the matrix, what happens?
undergoes pyruvate oxidation to form Acetyl-CoA
43
What is FAD+
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
44
What is the reduced version of FAD+
FADH2
45
How many turns of the citric acid cycle does glucose create and why
Since glucose generates 2 pyruvate molecules, it performs the citric acid cycle twice
46
How many ATP are made in the electron transport chain via chemiosmosis
32 ATP
47
Per glucose, what are the coenzyme yields from Glycolysis to the end of Krebs Cycle
12 Reduced Coenzymes: 2NADH (glycolysis), 2NADH (pyruvate oxidation), 6NADH (Krebs, 3 per cycle), 2FADH2 (Krebs, 1 per cycle)
48
Where is most of the energy kept before the ETC (Electron transport Chain)
The coenzymes
49
Where does the Krebs Cycle start
At oxaloacetate
50
What happens after oxaloacetate in Krebs
The acetyl group of Acetyl-CoA is added to the oxaloacetate
51
What happens after the acetyl group in Acetyl-CoA gets added to oxaloacetate
A 6 Carbon citrate or citric acid is formed
52
Any ATP made until the end of Krebs is made by what reaction
Substrate level phosphorylation
53
Any ATP made in the ETC via chemiosmosis is made by what reaction
Oxidative level phosphorylation, THINK THE PROCESS ENDS WITH AN ELECTRONEGATIVE O2
54
Where does chemiosmosis take place?
The Cristae
55
In the ETC, how do high energy electrons move?
It is a coupled redox reaction and the electrons move to an increasingly electronegative oxidizing agent every time.
56
Where are the proteins that make the ETC found
On the cristae, Red Dots on the folds (REMEMBER BONUS ON POP QUIZ)
57
What is a beneficial characteristic of the Cristae
The folded membrane provides increased surface area
58
Howmany steps are in Krebs Cycle
8 Step cyclical process
59
What is also known as the Transition STEP
Pyruvate Oxidation
60
In krebs, howmany CO2 are removed per turn
2CO2 removed per turn meaning there are no carbons left after krebs
61
Overall, what are the reactants in Krebs Cycle in one spin
Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + ADP + Pi + FAD
62
What are the overall products of Krebs Cycle
CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 2CO2 + Oxaloacetate
63
Why is oxaloacetate known to be both a reactant and a product in Krebs Cycle
This indicates that the process is cyclic
64

Grade 12 Biology (7 decks)

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