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Grade 12 Biology > Metabolic Processes - Chapter 4 - Pop Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes - Chapter 4 - Pop Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the majority of energy that enters the biosphere

A

solar radiation

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2
Q

What is the overall cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —>
6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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3
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

a process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from
carbohydrates by metabolizing them

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4
Q

What does aerobic cellular respiration occur in

A

most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes

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5
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

an organism that cannot live without oxygen

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6
Q

What are the three overall goals of cellular respiration

A
  1. break the bonds between the 6 carbon atoms of glucose resulting in 6 CO2 molecules
  2. move hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen forming 6 water molecules
  3. to trap as much free energy released in the process as possible in the form of ATP
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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. The Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

occurs in the cytoplasm, only stage not occurring within the mitochondria

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9
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

how much energy is required to make ATP

A

approx 3000 KJ/Mole

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11
Q

In all of glycolysis, what net products are created

A

+2 ATP, +2 NADH, +2H+, 2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

What is another name for glycolysis 1

A

Activation Phase

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13
Q

Why is Glycolysis known as activation phase

A

it uses 2 ATP as activation energy since it is an exergonic reaction

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14
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to an ADP

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15
Q

What is different about cellular respiration in prokaryotes than eukaryotes

A

they only have glycolysis as there are no mitochondria

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16
Q

what is the difference in effectiveness between Glycolysis and Aerobic Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic cellular respiration is 17x more effective than glycolysis

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17
Q

What are the other sources of energy in a eukaryotic cell

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation

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18
Q

What is happening in Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid from glycolysis turns into lactic acid, no ATP directly produced, regenerates coenzyme that allows glycolysis to produce 2 ATP

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19
Q

Where is lactic acid usually produced

A

in the muscles is where lactic acid is produced (anaerobic) causing pain

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20
Q

What is happening in alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid turns into alcohol and CO2, no ATP produced, also regenerates coenzyme that allows glycolysis to continue

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21
Q

The creation of ATP is what type of reaction

A

endergonic

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22
Q

The breakdown of ATP into ADP is what type of reaction

A

exergonic

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23
Q

Why is the mitochondria referred to as the powerhouse of the cell

A

It is the location of the citric acid cycle and electron transport generating most of the ATP used by the cell

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24
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

a process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy

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25
Q

What is fermentation

A

A process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy

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26
Q

Anaerobic and fermentation are what type of reaction

A

catabolic, energy yielding reactions

27
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe

A

an organism that can live, with or without oxygen

29
Q

Howmany enzyme catalyzed reactions are in all of glycolysis

A

Glycolysis as a whole is a 10-step catalyzed process

30
Q

Other than being broken down, what is happening to glucose in glycolysis

A

Glucose is being oxidized

31
Q

What are the steps to glycolysis 1

A

Glucose undergoes phosphorylation into glucose-6-phosphate which is then rearranged into Fructose-6-phosphate which is then phosphorylated into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which then lyses open into two Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

32
Q

Every phosphorylation in glycolysis 1 has what happening

A

ATP turning into ADP

33
Q

Explain what is happening to G3P in Glycolysis 2 step by step

A

G3P is oxidized by reducing 2NAD+ into 2NADH turning into 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) which then undergoes substrate level phosphorylation turning into 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) which then is rearranged into 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) which then has its electrons moved turning into phosphoenolpyruvate and water removed, PEP then also undergoes substrate level phosphorylation turning into pyruvate

34
Q

What happens at every substrate level phosphorylation in Glycolysis 2

A

4 ATP are created (1 per G3P), an enzyme is transferring a phosphate from a high energy substrate molecule to ADP

35
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for all of glycolysis

A

2ADP + 2Pi + Glucose —–>
2 Pyruvates + 2ATP +2NADH +2H+

36
Q

Howmuch of the one glucose molecule’s energy, do the two pyruvate molecules produced have?

A

around 75%

37
Q

What in the outer membrane of the mitochondria allow pyruvate molecules from glycolysis to pass through

A

Large pores allow for the diffusion

38
Q

What are the three steps to pyruvate oxidation

A
  1. Decarboxylation Reaction (CO2 waste is removed)
  2. Redox reaction (2 pyruvate oxidized, 2NAD+ reduced into 2NADH + 2H+, remaining 4C becomes 2 acetic acid)
  3. 2 CoA are attached to the 2 acetic acids forming acetyl-CoA held together by unstable C-S bond
39
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for pyruvate oxidation

A

2 Pyruvates + 2NAD+ = 2CoA ——> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2 waste

40
Q

Why is Acetyl-CoA important

A

critical in energy metabolism, macromolecules broken down for energy are converted to acetyl-CoA, if ATP levels are low (acetyl-CoA goes to kreb’s cycle to produce ATP), if ATP levels are high (acetyl-CoA is channeled to synthesize lipids which is why we accumulate fats when more calories are consumed than we burn)

41
Q

What catalyzes pyruvate oxidation

A

multi-enzyme complex

42
Q

Once the pyruvate from glycolysis enters the matrix, what happens?

A

undergoes pyruvate oxidation to form Acetyl-CoA

43
Q

What is FAD+

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

44
Q

What is the reduced version of FAD+

A

FADH2

45
Q

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does glucose create and why

A

Since glucose generates 2 pyruvate molecules, it performs the citric acid cycle twice

46
Q

How many ATP are made in the electron transport chain via chemiosmosis

A

32 ATP

47
Q

Per glucose, what are the coenzyme yields from Glycolysis to the end of Krebs Cycle

A

12 Reduced Coenzymes: 2NADH (glycolysis), 2NADH (pyruvate oxidation), 6NADH (Krebs, 3 per cycle), 2FADH2 (Krebs, 1 per cycle)

48
Q

Where is most of the energy kept before the ETC (Electron transport Chain)

A

The coenzymes

49
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle start

A

At oxaloacetate

50
Q

What happens after oxaloacetate in Krebs

A

The acetyl group of Acetyl-CoA is added to the oxaloacetate

51
Q

What happens after the acetyl group in Acetyl-CoA gets added to oxaloacetate

A

A 6 Carbon citrate or citric acid is formed

52
Q

Any ATP made until the end of Krebs is made by what reaction

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

53
Q

Any ATP made in the ETC via chemiosmosis is made by what reaction

A

Oxidative level phosphorylation, THINK THE PROCESS ENDS WITH AN ELECTRONEGATIVE O2

54
Q

Where does chemiosmosis take place?

A

The Cristae

55
Q

In the ETC, how do high energy electrons move?

A

It is a coupled redox reaction and the electrons move to an increasingly electronegative oxidizing agent every time.

56
Q

Where are the proteins that make the ETC found

A

On the cristae, Red Dots on the folds (REMEMBER BONUS ON POP QUIZ)

57
Q

What is a beneficial characteristic of the Cristae

A

The folded membrane provides increased surface area

58
Q

Howmany steps are in Krebs Cycle

A

8 Step cyclical process

59
Q

What is also known as the Transition STEP

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

60
Q

In krebs, howmany CO2 are removed per turn

A

2CO2 removed per turn meaning there are no carbons left after krebs

61
Q

Overall, what are the reactants in Krebs Cycle in one spin

A

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + ADP + Pi + FAD

62
Q

What are the overall products of Krebs Cycle

A

CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 2CO2 + Oxaloacetate

63
Q

Why is oxaloacetate known to be both a reactant and a product in Krebs Cycle

A

This indicates that the process is cyclic

64
Q
A

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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