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Grade 12 Biology > Metabolic Processes Chapter 4 + 5 - Pop Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes Chapter 4 + 5 - Pop Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the ETC occur

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria

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2
Q

What makes up the ETC

A

A series of electron carriers and multi-enzyme complexes

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3
Q

What is happening in the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2 from the prior cellular respiration steps are being oxidized

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4
Q

How much ATP in percent is being made by the oxidation of the coenzymes

A

When oxidized, the ETC releases energy producing approximately 90% of the ATP molecules in cell

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5
Q

In the ETC, what type of reactions are occurring

A

A series of coupled redox reactions

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6
Q

In the coupled redox reactions of the ETC, what is happening

A

As the electrons are transferred from one carrier to another, energy is released from each step. The electrons move to a stronger oxidizing agent every time (Higher electronegativity), finishing off with 1/2 O2 (Oxidative level phosphorylation)

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7
Q

Compare Oxidative and Substrate Level phosphorylation

A

Oxidative phosphorylation can produce a lot more ATP molecules per glucose

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8
Q

What happens to the ETC if oxygen is ABSENT

A

There will be no final electron acceptor meaning that there would be no ETC and no ATP produced by the pathway

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9
Q

Describe the electron transport process in terms of its characteristics of energy

A

Highly exergonic reaction and the energy released is used to pump protons (H+) from the matrix into the inter membrane space

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10
Q

Say the CHANT

A

As the electrons move through the ETC, they lose POTENTIAL ENERGY, which is released as FREE ENERGY, which is used to PUMP PROTONS from the MATRIX to the INTER-MEMBRANE SPACE.

Now we have ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY!!

In Chemiosmosis:

The PROTONS are going to move DOWN THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, which releases FREE ENERGY, which is trapped as CHEMICAL BOND ENERGY in the molecule ATP.

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11
Q

In general, how much ATP is made per NADH

A

In general, 3 ATP are made per NADH in the ETC and chemiosmosis

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12
Q

How many ATP are made by FADH2 in the ETC

A

In general, 2 ATP are made per FADH2

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13
Q

What protein enzyme complex does NADH pass through

A

NADH Dehydrogenase

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14
Q

What protein enzyme complex does FADH2 pass through

A

Ubiquinone (Q)

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15
Q

How many protein enzyme complexes are their, and which of them are in our learning?

A

There are 4 complexes, only the first two NADH dehydrogenase and Ubiquinone (Q) are for us

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16
Q

What complex is found in Chemiosmosis

A

ATP Synthase complex

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17
Q

What does ATP Synthase complex do

A

provides channels through which protons can travel back into the mitochondrial matrix which provides energy to form ATP

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18
Q

Why is there a difference in ATP yields between NADH and FADH2

A

FADH2 carries electrons that do not have as high a energy level as NADH

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19
Q

How many electrons come from NADH and FADH2

A

Both coenzymes carry 2 high energy electrons

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20
Q

Howmany protons can the NADH electrons pump

A

3 protons

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21
Q

Howmany protons can the FADH2 electrons pump

A

2 protons

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22
Q

How many ATP molecules are made in the ETC

A

No ATP are made in the ETC, the theoretical 32 ATP are made in Chemiosmosis

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23
Q

What are the major structures in the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane, INTER membrane space, Inner membrane (Folds/Cristae), Mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

What is the exception of NADH from glycolysis in the ETC

A

Since ATP made through glycolysis is in the cytoplasm, its electrons are moved through the mitochondria’s membrane but are then transferred to FAD which means only 2 ATP are produced from this NADH type

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25
Q

In reality, howmuch ATP is actually made in a real life scenario

A

30 ATP instead of 36 ATP

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26
Q

Why is there a lower yield of ATP in reality

A

The intermembrane is a leaky membrane meaning protons move into the matrix losing ATP production potential, also some protons end up being used for other cellular processes

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27
Q

Howmuch available free energy does aerobic respiration capture of glucose

A

32%

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28
Q

How do the protein enzyme complexes work

A

They have cofactors that alternate between from reduced and oxidized forms as they pull electrons from upstream molecules and donate them to more electronegative molecules downstream

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29
Q

What else happens when 1/2 O2 removes 2 electrons from Complex 4 to end the ETC

A

the oxygen also reacts with 2 protons (H+) to create a single molecule of water as waste

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30
Q

How fast is the ETC

A

almost instantaneous

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31
Q

What is a protein gradient

A

A difference in proton (H+ ion concentration) across a membrane

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32
Q

What is the definition of chemiosmosis

A

The ability to use proton-motive force to do work

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33
Q

What is proton-motive force

A

A force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient of protons across a membrane

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34
Q

Who proposed chemiosmosis

A

Nobel Prize winner Peter Mitchell

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35
Q

What are other uses of chemiosmosis other than ATP synthesis

A

pumps other substances across membranes and drives the rotation of flagella in prokaryotes

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36
Q

What is ATP synthase

A

A molecular motor that spans the inner mitochondrial membrane

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37
Q

What structures make up ATP synthase

A

A basal unit embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and connected to a headpiece by a stalk.

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38
Q

What happens to the molecular motor when ATP is synthesized

A

The binding of protons to the headpiece causes it to rotate in a way that catalyzes ATP synthesis, this makes the headpiece the smallest molecular rotary motor

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39
Q

What is the main use of uncoupling

A

maintaining body temperature by producing thermal energy

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40
Q

What can uncoupling be caused by

A

making the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons

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41
Q

What is Creatine Phosphate

A

When excess ATP is available, creatine is phosphorylated to become high energy creatine phosphate

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42
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

The amount of energy that is expended per unit time in an organism

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43
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The metabolic rate of an organism at rest

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44
Q

what are three ways to increase metabolism

A

Exercise, Eat regular balanced meals, and get good sleep consistently

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45
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

The process of breaking fatty acids into Acetyl-CoA

46
Q

Why are carbohydrates heavier than lipids

A

the significant mass of water attached to them

47
Q

What is fermentation

A

A process in which hydrogen atoms of NADH are transferred to organic compounds other than the ETC

48
Q

What is needed for both types of fermentation we looked over

A

pyruvic acid or pyruvate from Glycolysis

49
Q

What is special about fermentation about how it works

A

It is an anaerobic pathway

50
Q

What is alcohol Fermentation

A

Occurs in yeast, 2 Pyruvate into 2 Acetaldehyde into 2 ethanol, first reaction produces CO2, second reaction regens NAD+ from NADH

51
Q

What is the whole reason for fermentation

A

The regeneration of coenzymes allowing glycolysis to continue

52
Q

What is Lactic Acid fermentation

A

Occurs in animal cells, specifically muscle cells in humans, 2 Pyruvate into 2 Lactate or Lactic Acid also regenerating NAD+ from NADH

53
Q

In humans, what is happening to the muscles that facilitates fermentation

A

strenuous physical activity, depleting their oxygen

54
Q

What does lactic acid do to the body

A

causes muscle pain and fatigue, lactic acid is oxidized back to pyruvate in the liver once the physical activity is over

55
Q

How much ATP is produced from fermentation

A

0 ATP are made directly, however 2 ATP are made indirectly by the regen of NAD+ facilitating glycolysis

56
Q

What is the reaction of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —sunlight,chlorophyll——-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

57
Q

What in sunlight is being used as energy

A

Photons

58
Q

What are the two types of reactions in photosynthesis

A

Light Reactions and Light Independent Reactions

59
Q

Where do light reactions occur

A

The thylakoid membranes and require chlorophyll

60
Q

Where are light independent reactions happening

A

Occur in stroma of chloroplast

61
Q

What is the cycle involved in the light independent reactions

A

Calvin Cycle (Carbon fixation)

62
Q

What is a photoautotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food using energy from the sun

63
Q

What is the difference in coenzymes in photosynthesis

A

NADPH (phosphate added)

64
Q

What does the calvin cycle produce

A

2 G3P turning into 1 Glucose, leaving as sucrose for transport and starch for storage

65
Q

How is the calvin cycle facilitated

A

ATP produced from the light reactions have free energy synthesizing organic compounds like glucose from inorganic materials

66
Q

What is the process of turning inorganic carbon molecules (CO2) into organic carbon molecules called

A

Carbon Fixation

67
Q

In photosynthetic prokaryotes where do all photosynthetic reactions occur

A

chloroplasts

68
Q

What is the stroma

A

aqueous (liquid) environment in a chloroplast

69
Q

Following light absorption, what are the three possibilities for excited electrons within a pigment molecule

A

Energy released as thermal/fluorescence, energy is transferred to another pigment molecule, the whole electrons gets transferred to an electron accepting molecule

70
Q

what is an antenna complex

A

a cluster of light-absorbing pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane able to capture and transfer energy to chlorophyll a in the reaction center

71
Q

what is the reaction centre

A

a complex of proteins and pigments that contain the primary electron acceptor

72
Q

explain the nature of pigment molecules absorbing wavelengths

A

pigment molecules do not absorb all wavelengths of light, the ones not absorbed pass through the object or reflect.

73
Q

Why do some plants appear green

A

The green and yellow light is reflected back making chlorophyll a containing plants appear green

74
Q

What is an absorption spectrum

A

A plotted graph of light wavelengths that get absorbed by the substance

75
Q

What is an action spectrum

A

A plotted graph of the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving a chemical process

76
Q

What is the relation between action and absorption spectra

A

If an action spectrum for a physiological phenomenon matches the absorption spectrum of a pigment, there is a high chance the two are linked

77
Q

What was Theodor Engelmann known for

A

Produced the first action spectra, placed a strand of green alga, spirogyra, on a glass microscope slide, along with water containing aerobic bacteria, he adjusted the prism so that it split a beam of light into separate colours, after some time the bacteria began to cluster around the algal strand where oxygen was released in the greatest rate (where photosynthesis was occurring at the greatest rate), the regions linked to the wavelengths of light being absorbed effectively by the alga (blue and violet and red absorbed most effectively), green least bacteria found

78
Q

What are pigment proteins organized into

A

photosystems

79
Q

What are the two photosystems

A

Photosystem II (P680)
Photosystem I (P700)

80
Q

What is the key difference between the two photosystems

A

The number in the names of the photosystems represent the wavelengths at which light is optimally absorbed

81
Q

What is the difference between the reaction centers of P680 and P700

A

P680 contains P680 molecules which are specialized chlorophyll a molecules and vice versa

82
Q

What photosystem comes first

A

Photosystem II (P680) comes before PSI

83
Q

What is the general process happening in photosystems

A

Photosystems trap photons of light and use the energy to energize a chlorophyll a molecule in the reaction centre. The chlorophyll a molecule is then oxidized as it transfers a high-energy electron to the primary electron acceptor.

84
Q

Where does the splitting of water into electrons, protons and oxygen occur

A

Photosystem II (P680)

85
Q

What is the significance of P680+

A

Strongest Oxidant known in biology

86
Q

What does cyclic electron flow produce

A

ATP ONLY

87
Q

What does Non-Cyclic electron flow produce

A

ATP and NADPH

88
Q

What happens as a result of cyclic electron flow

A

NO CALVIN CYCLE

89
Q

What is the point of Photosystems

A

Harvest Light Energy

90
Q

What is the cuticle

A

The waxy coating on leaves to prevent water and gas loss

91
Q

What facilitate gas exchange in leaves

A

Stoma and Guard Cells

92
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur

A

stRoma

93
Q

What is the difference in energy between P680 and P700

A

Higher wavelength = LOWER energy (E=1/Wavelength, inversely proportional)

94
Q

Why are the stoma on the bottom of the leaf

A

to prevent water loss

95
Q

What is the end product of Calvin cycle

A

2 G3P turned into glucose which can be put into sucrose which can be transported or polymerized into starch for long term energy

96
Q

Explain what happens in photosystems

A

Photons of light are absorbed and their energy is transferred between multiple antenna complexes all the way to the reaction center chlorophyll a whose electrons get excited from ground state to excited state and are transferred to the primary electron acceptor and then the electron transport chain

97
Q

What do accessory pigment molecules and chlorophyll b do

A

absorb different wavelengths of light

98
Q

What photosystems are involved in non cyclic electron flow

A

Both P680 and P700

99
Q

What photosystems are involved in cyclic electron flow

A

ONLY P700

100
Q

under what circumstance will Calvin cycle occur

A

When both P680 and P700 occur during non cyclic electron flow

101
Q

In photosystem II, what does water provide

A

2 electrons, 1/2 O2, and 2 H+ protons

102
Q

During Non cyclic electron flow, what is the cycle that pumps protons in the first ETC

A

Q Cycle

103
Q

During cyclic electron flow what is the role of ferredoxin

A

The oxidation of ferredoxin results in the transfer of the electron to NADP+ reducing it to NADP, a second electron and proton from the stroma are added by NADP+ reductase to create NADPH

104
Q

Howmany protons are pumped during Q cycle

A

4 protons are pumped

105
Q

What do the 4 protons pumped by Q cycle create

A

1 ATP that goes to calvin cycle

106
Q

What are the three stages of photosynthesis

A

Capturing light energy (photosystems), Using that energy to create ATP and NADPH (light reactions), Using the free energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic ones

107
Q

What type of reaction is the production of NADPH and ATP

A

endergonic reaction

108
Q

What is the name of the process where ATP and NADPH molecules are used to produce glucose in the calvin cycle

A

Non cyclic photophosphorylation because electrons are not being cycled back into photosystem 680

109
Q

What is the name of the process where P700 is used to create ATP only generating a proton gradient for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, no calvin cycle

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

110
Q

Howmany steps are in the calvin cycle

A

11 enzyme catalyzed steps

111
Q
A

Grade 12 Biology (7 decks)

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