Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 12 Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What percentage of any living organism is made of water?

A

50-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The rest of the cell not including water is made of what?

A
  1. Nucleic Acid
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All living organisms are made of primarily 6 types of atoms

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a covalent Bond

A

Sharing of Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

All organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is catabolism

A

chemical reactions that break down compounds into simpler forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is anabolism

A

Chemical reactions that build up substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down using ordinary chemical or physical techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are atoms

A

Smallest particles of elements that allow elements to differ from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are most organic compounds made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, as well as Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 subatomic particles

A

Protons, Electrons, Neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do atoms have net charges

A

No, # of neutrons = # of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mass number

A

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an isotope

A

Different neutron containing form of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are intermolecular forces

A

Bonds in between molecules, weaker relative to other forces: London Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are intramolecular forces

A

Bonds in between atoms of a molecule: ionic, covalent, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three types of intermolecular forces

A

London Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are characteristics of London Dispersion forces

A

Weakest intermolecular force, increase in strength with bigger molecules, exists between all atoms and molecules, formed by the temporary unequal distribution of electrons as they orbit the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Dipole-Dipole forces

A

Stronger than london forces, hold polar molecules together, -ve is attracted to +ve of another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

The strongest intermolecular forces, strongest type of Dipole-Dipole force between an H+ of one molecule and a N, O or F of another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Properties of water

A

Water is a polar molecule, so hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, known as the universal solvent, dissolves the most substances, small non polar molecules are only slightly soluble in water, large non polar molecules do not dissolve at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are acids

A

Increase the concentration of hydronium ions in water solutions (H3O+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are bases

A

increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in water (OH-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a neutralization reaction

A

The reaction where an acid and base produce water and a salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why was the pH scale created

A

Easier way to interpret the concentration of H3O+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

According to Bronsted-Lowry, what are acids and bases

A

Acids are proton donors and Bases are proton acceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are buffers

A

Certain chemicals or combination of chemicals minimize changes in pH by consisting of conjugate acid-base pairs in equlibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do reversible reactions mean for acids

A

Reversible reactions means the acids are usually weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the smallest hydrocarbon

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are only ionic or strongly polar

A

Functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do carbohydrates supply

A

Short term energy to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What ratio do carbohydrates exist in

A

1:2:1 (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

simple sugar monomer that bonds with others to create carbohydrates (like glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a Disaccharide

A

Sugars that consist of 2 monosaccharides (like maltose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can monosaccharides be distinguished

A

By their carbonyl group (aldehyde or keytone), as well as the amount of carbon they contain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons form

A

Ring structures when dissolved in aqueous environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are glucose, fructose, and galactose

A

isomers (all C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another example of a sugar isomer

A

Alpha and Beta Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Complex carbohydrates that are polymers of monosachharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three most important polysaccharides

A

Glycogen (short term energy storage in animal cells), Starch (energy storage in plants and good energy source for humans)
and Cellulose (makes up plant walls, not good source of energy for humans as it is a hard dietary fibre to break down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are glycosidic linkages

A

Covalent bonds holding monosaccharides together where the H from one’s hydroxyl group and the hydroxyl group of another come together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does a glucose with hydroxyl group down mean

A

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does a glucose with hydroxyl group up mean

A

Beta Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When a sugar is in the ring form, what is the middle of the ring called

A

Plane of Ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Description of starch molecule

A

1-4 Glycosidic linkage of alpha glucose and humans can break it down for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Description of Cellulose molecule

A

1-4 Linkage of Beta Glucose, humans cannot break down the bonds between Beta glucoses and no energy will be released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are both carbohydrates and lipids known for

A

Both have roles of being energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are roles that carbohydrates play other than energy

A

Structural support and cell-to-cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are all biological membranes made of

A

Lipid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do lipids provide for nerve cells

A

Insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a unique ability for lipids

A

Waterproofing abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What do plants and algae produce alot of every year

A

millions of tonnes of carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the most widely known monosaccharide

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the most common monosaccharides

A

Ones that contain 3 carbons (triose), 5 Carbons (Pentose), or six carbons (Hexose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do sugars typically have attached to them

A

Polar functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the relation of sugars and water

A

Sugars are highly hydrophillic making them soluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What type of sugars are the sweetest

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the relation of disaccharides and water

A

Because they contain similar polar groups to monosaccharides, they are also soluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the most common disaccharide sucrose found in

A

Table sugar, sugar cane, and sugar beets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is polymerization

A

The process where small sub-units link to form a large molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the relation of polysaccharides to water

A

they are very polar, and hydrophilic, however due to size are insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How does paper towel work

A

Uses cellulose fibres to absorb water, but as they are insoluble in water, it does not break down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are characteristics of lipids

A

Non Polar compounds made of mostly carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Are lipids bigger or smaller than carbohydrates

A

Lipids are smaller than complex carbs (polysaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What relation do lipids have with water

A

Lipids are non polar which means they are insoluble in water, this trait allows them to be present in membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the 5 main categories of Lipids

A

Fatty Acids, Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids and Waxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are fatty acids

A

The structural backbones of most lipids, consists of a carboxyl group, and a hydrocarbon chain, as chain length increases water solubility decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

If all carbons are linked with single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are non saturated fatty acids

A

Any double bonds means non saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Only one double bonds meaning in fatty acid

A

monounsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

More than one double bond in fatty acid

A

Polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are fats

A

Lipids made from fatty acids and glycerol molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How many fatty acid chains are joined with a glycerol in a Fat

A

1-3 fatty acid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the most well known fats

A

Triglycerides (3 fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are saturated fats made of

A

Saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are unsaturated fats made of

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Shorter fat chains remain as what at room temperature

A

Oils at room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What do more saturated fats exist as at room temperature

A

they get packed together staying solid (butter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are fats most commonly used as

A

Long term energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Molecule with a polar end and a non polar end, non polar side consists of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What are Amphipathic molecules

A

molecules containing both hydrophilic and phobic regions like phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What do phospholipids make in cells

A

Lipids bi-layer of cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are steroids

A

A lipid molecule composed of 4 carbon rings used for message transmission (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the most abundant steroid

A

Sterol, containing a single polar -OH group at one end and a non polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What steroid is an important constituent of Plasma membrane around animal cells

A

Chloresterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What do high concentrations of cholesterol do

A

Bad for the body leading to atherosclerosis (plaque build up in blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are waxes

A

Large lipid molecules formed by long fatty acid chains joined to alcohols or carbon rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What are characteristics of waxes

A

Hydrophobic, extremely non polar, soft-solids over a wide range of temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What is used to conserve water and prevent infections in plants

A

A wax named Cutin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

How to birds keep wings dry

A

secrete a wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

How do bees make honeycombs

A

Produce beeswax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is the concentration of energy between Carbs and Lipids

A

one gram of fat contains more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins

96
Q

What type of linkage occurs when glycerol reacts with fatty acids in triglyceries

A

a dehydration synthesis takes place between carboxyl group of fatty acid and hydroxyl group of glycerol creating a ester linkage via esterification

97
Q

What are healthier, saturated or unsaturated fats

A

unsaturated fats (some plant and animal products)

98
Q

What are proteins

A

Molecules providing shape and support to cells

99
Q

How do proteins have functional diversity

A

function as enzymes, help transport substances across cell membranes (hemoglobin), and chemical messengers (some hormones are proteins)

100
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

Amino Acids consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, single hydrogen up and a remainder group opposite to hydrogen

101
Q

What makes every one of the 20 amino acids unique?

A

The Remainder group

102
Q

What are Dipeptides

A

two amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis

103
Q

What is the polymer of proteins

A

Polypeptides are the polymer however they are not proteins

104
Q

What bonds form between amino acids when they link

A

Peptide bonds

105
Q

What is the functional group linkage called when amino acids come together

A

Amide linkage

106
Q

Howmany amino acids are essential to humans

A

8 are essential as they are not produced in the body

107
Q

Howmany levels of protein structure are there

A

4 Levels: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary

108
Q

What is a chain of amino acids

A

A linear polypeptide that is not a functioning protein

109
Q

What determines the properties of a protein

A

The final shape of the protein’s 3-D structure

110
Q

What is the primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids

111
Q

What is the secondary structure

A

coils up into a alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet via hydrogen bonds

112
Q

What is the tertiary structure

A

The helix or sheet folds into a 3-D structure held by covalent disulfide bridges, hydrogen, ionic, and Non Polar bonds (REMEMBER CHIN)

113
Q

What is the quaternary structure

A

Many proteins contain two or more folded polypeptides joined together to create a functional protein with 2 R groups and CHIN

114
Q

What are Nucleic Acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides where cells contain two types of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

115
Q

What is the main component of hereditary material or genes

A

DNA

116
Q

What are nucleotides (monomer) made of

A

Three subunits: Nitrogen containing base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA), a five carbon pentose sugar (Ribose in RNA or Deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group

117
Q

What are single ringed pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (look for ones containing ‘y’ in name and Uracil in RNA)

118
Q

What are larger nitrogenous bases

A

Double ringed purines like Adenine and Guanine (look for ‘nine’)

119
Q

What do sugar and phosphate groups form in DNA

A

Outer Backbone (sides of ladder)

120
Q

What do the bases form in DNA

A

Rungs of Ladder

121
Q

Nucleotides are held together by what?

A

Phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next (connecting sides of ladder)

122
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded and strands are antiparallel

123
Q

What is the form of DNA

A

Form of double helix and the two strands (left and right side of ladder) are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between a base on one strand and its complementary base on the other strand

124
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA

A

Adenine with Thymine (Two H-Bonds)
Guanine with Cytosine (Three H-Bonds)

125
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

a nucleotide derivative that acts as the primary energy transferring molecule in living organisms, three phosphate groups attached to ribose by bonds that are considered as high-energy bonds

126
Q

Describe the reaction of releasing energy from ATP

A

Exergonic, catabolic, hydrolysis (ATP -> ADP + Inorganic Phosphate + ENERGY)

127
Q

Describe the reaction of forming ATP

A

Endergonic, Anabolic, Dehydration Synthesis

128
Q

What is the rule for determining if a base is a pyrimidine or purine

A

No garage or second ring means pyrimidine

129
Q

What two types of amino acids make up amino acids

A

Basic Amino acids and acidic amino acids

130
Q

What is Denaturation

A

Loss of both protein structure and function due to extreme temperature and/or pH and unfolding of protein

131
Q

What are the most complex molecules in living organisms

A

Proteins

132
Q

What are defensive proteins

A

Antibodies

133
Q

What are motile proteins

A

proteins that allow molecules to move around

134
Q

What are examples of signal proteins

A

Hormones and messenger chemicals

135
Q

What are bigger pyrimidines or purines

A

Purines as they have a garage

136
Q

Who is Linus Pauling

A

A scientist with expertise in Chemistry, Biology, and physics, only person to win 2 Nobel prizes independently

137
Q

What did pauling establish

A

Pauling’s rules for understanding crystals, electronegativity scale, 2 fundamental secondary structures of proteins (Alpha helix and Beta Pleated Sheets) started in 1937

138
Q

What did pauling advocate against

A

Nuclear arms, which made the US government deem him a communist sympathizer making him a threat and took away his passport. This took away his ability to travel to the UK where a lot more information was available about proteins.

139
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speed up a chemical reaction.

140
Q

Howmany enzymes are in a typical cell

A

4000 different enzymes

141
Q

What does Lipase do

A

Speeds up hydrolysis of Triglycerides

142
Q

What does Sucrase do

A

Speeds up hydrolysis of Sucrose into monosaccharides

143
Q

How is every enzyme unique

A

They all have different 3-D shapes

144
Q

How do enzymes work

A

For any chemical reaction to happen, it has to overcome a specific energy barrier, when an enzyme binds to a specific reactant called a substrate, this lowers the energy barrier

145
Q

How long do enzymes bind to substrates

A

In reaction this binding only holds briefly

146
Q

Howmany reactions can a single enzyme catalyze

A

One enzyme can only catalyze the reaction of one molecule or one family of molecules which is why there are so many of them

147
Q

Where does the substrate bind to on the enzyme

A

This area of binding is the active site

148
Q

What is the induced fit hypothesis

A

A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate

149
Q

When an enzyme binds to a substrate what does it form

A

An enzyme-substrate complex

150
Q

What is the rate at which a reaction is catalyzed

A

10 –> 100 million substrate molecules per second

151
Q

What is a cofactor

A

A non protein group that binds to an enzyme essential for catalytic activity

152
Q

What are examples of common cofactors

A

Metals like Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese

153
Q

Are cofactors needed for normal enzyme activity

A

100% NECESSARY JAKE

154
Q

What are organic cofactors called

A

Coenzymes

155
Q

What are coenzymes derived from

A

Water-soluble vitamins

156
Q

What conditions or factors effect enzyme activity

A

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration and several control mechanisms

157
Q

What are control mechanisms

A

mechanisms that adjust reaction rates to meet a cell’s requirements

158
Q

What does extra substrate mean

A

Rate of reaction is directly proportional to substrate concentration

159
Q

What is the limiting factor is these catalytic activities

A

Amount of enzyme available

160
Q

What happens when the amount of enzyme is at a constant intermediate concentration

A

Increasing substrate concentration will increase rate of reaction to a certain point called saturation level

161
Q

What happens as collision become more frequent

A

Rate of reaction increases

162
Q

What are enzyme inhibitors

A

Molecules that lower the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

163
Q

Where do enzyme inhibitors bind to on the enzyme

A

Some bind on the active site and some on other critical sites of the enzyme

164
Q

What is competitive inhibition

A

When inhibitors bind directly to the active site blocking access from the substrate

165
Q

What is non competitive inhibition

A

Where inhibitors bind to a site that is not the active site distorting the 3-D shape of the enzyme and stopping the substrate being able to bind easily to the enzyme

166
Q

What is reversible inhibition

A

The inhibitor’s binding is weak and readily reversible and will have the enzyme return to normal activity after reversal

167
Q

What is irreversible reaction

A

Some inhibitors bind so strongly via covalent bonds that it disables the enzyme and the only way this can be overcome is by increased enzyme synthesis

168
Q

What is Allosteric Control of Enzyme Activity

A

Molecules that naturally regulate enzyme activity in a cell often behaving like a non competitive reversible inhibitor binding to a site that is not the active site called the allosteric site causing a change in the shape of the enzyme

169
Q

What is Allosteric Regulation

A

The regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site of the same protein. This causes stimulation or inhibition of enzyme activity based on situation

170
Q

What does the binding of an allosteric activator do

A

Causes the active site to have a high affinity for a substrate

171
Q

What does the binding of an allosteric inhibitor do

A

Stabilizes the inactive form of an enzyme by releasing the substrate from its active site

172
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

The regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway preventing the waste of cellular resources in the synthesis of molecules

173
Q

What is the typical pH for peak enzyme activity

A

pH of apprx 7

174
Q

What is the typical temperature for peak enzyme activity

A

40-50 degrees, above 40 some start to denature

175
Q

Where are enzymes found in the real world applications

A

Milk and dairy have lactose and people who are lactose intolerant do not have adequate production of Lactase, cheese relies on Chymasin for production, Industrial food production to break down starch into glucose syrup for food medicine, and vitamins, added to detergents for better stain removal

176
Q

What are the 4 main types of chemical reactions in biological organisms

A

Hydrolysis, Dehydration Synthesis, Redox, and Neutralization

177
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most DNA in the cell, Nucleus isolates the DNA and keeps it safe, isolated so that none of the metabolic processes damages it, contains at least one nucleolus, Dense irregularly shaped region where ribosomes are assembled

178
Q

Nueleolus

A

Area where ribosomes are made for endoplasmic reticulum, found in the nucleus

179
Q

Smooth ER

A

Doesn’t make proteins, proteins from rough ER make it to smooth as enzymes, cells lipids are synthesized which also breaks down carbs, fatty acids, drugs.

180
Q

Rough ER

A

They make, store, and secrete lots of proteins. Puts finishing touches on lipids and polypeptides and transports proteins from on organelle to another. (E.g pancreas)

181
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms a barrier around the cytosol of the cell and maintains and internal environment that enables the organelle to carry its function

182
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that consists of two lipid bilateral that are folded together. There are different proteins - some are receptors and transporters. Others collect thing pores that spans the membrane

183
Q

What are the two properties that make it easy for molecules to make it through plasma membranes

A

Polarity (preferably non polar or less polar relatively), Size (easier when molecules are small)

184
Q

What does “LEO the Lion Goes GER” mean?

A

Losing electrons means oxidation, gaining electrons means reduction. this helps with identifying parts of a redox reaction.

185
Q

What are organelles

A

Internal structures that carry specialized functions

186
Q

What is the advantage of having several organelles

A

Various tasks can be completed efficiently

187
Q

What is the difference between cytosol and the cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is all of the internal components of the cell, whereas cytosol is the liquid portion of the cell

188
Q

What is the gatekeeper of the cell

A

The plasma membrane as it is a barrier that only lets certain molecules in to the cell

189
Q

Do all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

A

ALMOST all of them do

190
Q

The nucleus contains most of the cell’s DNA, where else is it kept

A

Chloroplast (only plant cells) and Mitochondria (both animal and plant cells)

191
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by

A

The nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane

192
Q

What are golgi bodies

A

They are fused vesicles that have emptied their contents, looks like stack of membranes, puts finishing touches on polypeptides and lipids

193
Q

What are transport vesicles

A

Membrane enclosed sac-like molecules that transport proteins from one organelle to another

194
Q

What are the mitochondria

A

The organelle where cellular respiration takes place where glucose is broken down into 36 packets of ATP by reacting with oxygen, this process is the most efficient way to extract energy from organic molecules

195
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place which produces glucose (sugar) using light energy, Carbon dioxide gas and water

196
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Vesicles that bind with the cell membrane to empty their contents. Contain strong digestive enzymes that help with waste disposal also known as the stomach of the cell

197
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Organelles that inactivate toxins like hydrogen peroxide into water and O2 which are usually by products of broken down fatty acids

198
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Liquid filled organelles in plant cells that transport, store and digest substances within a cell and fills up anywhere from 50-90% of the cell

199
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Organelles that assemble polypeptide chains used to form proteins, found on the Rough ER

200
Q

What are centrioles

A

Organelles that make microtubules for the cytoskeleton and is involved in cell division

201
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

A group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane

202
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the mitochondria and where are they on the organelle

A

There is the outer membrane which is the outer wall, the inner membrane, the cristae which is the fold and the matrix which is the internal liquid portion

203
Q

What cells require alot of mitochondria

A

Cells that require alot of energy

204
Q

What are plastids

A

plastids are membrane enclosed organelles that are used in photosynthesis or storage of molecules and some common examples are chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts

205
Q

What are the main parts of chloroplasts

A

outer membrane, liquid portion is called the stroma, single pancake is called the thylakoid and the stack of pancakes are called the granum.

206
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A dynamic system that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cells and organelles to move around

207
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

A double layer of phospholipid molecules called the phospholipid bilayer

208
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

The idea that a biological membrane contains a ‘fluid’ phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are able to move laterally between the two layers

209
Q

What happens to the lipid bilayer if the temperature drops low enough

A

the lipid molecules will pack tightly and the membrane will no longer be fluid, results in increased chloresterol

210
Q

What are integral proteins

A

Channels that go all the way through the lipid bilayer for bigger molecules to get through the membrane

211
Q

What is the difference between the head and tail of a phospholipid

A

The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and non polar while the head of the molecule are hydrophilic and extremely polar due to the -ve phosphate group

212
Q

What are Glycolipids and Glycoproteins and what do they do for the cell

A

Molecules that project into the extracellular space, carbs bound to lipids or proteins and used for recognition of foreign materials

213
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the membrane

A

Cholesterol maintains fluidity and are found between the phospholipids

214
Q

Peripheral and Integral proteins of the membrane serve 4 main functions which include?

A

Transport, Communication/Enzymatic Activity (receptor proteins), Attachment/Recognition (cells of immune system), structural support by anchoring themselves to the cytoskeleton

215
Q

How do you alter membrane fluidity

A

Alter the cholesterol level as they are the stabalizers

216
Q

What are characteristics of cell membranes and walls

A

They are porous allowing water, CO2, O2 and nutrients to pass through easily

217
Q

What maintains homeostasis in the cells

A

The cell membrane

218
Q

What is passive transport

A

A process that DOES NOT require energy to move molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration

219
Q

What are the three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

220
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of particles down/along the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

221
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of larger molecules like glucose through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient from high to low concentration through the protein CHANNELS

222
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane along the concentration gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration

223
Q

What are hypertonic solutions

A

High concentration of solute compared to another solution, when cells are placed in this solution, the water % is more in the cell making water diffuse out and shrivel up

224
Q

What are hypotonic solutions

A

Low concentration of solute compared to another solution, when cells are placed in this solution, the water % is less in the cell making water diffuse into the cell swelling the cell and sometimes animal cells burst

225
Q

What are isotonic solutions

A

The solutions with the same concentration of solute, when a cell is placed in this solution, water diffuses equally both ways, however there is no net water movement

226
Q

What is Active transport

A

The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient from Low to High concentration where energy is required to facilitate the movement

227
Q

What is an example of active transport

A

Body cells must get rid of CO2 in the vessels however since the vessels are already high in concentration, Energy is required to push the CO2 out via proteins pumps, which are proteins that work as pumps

228
Q

What is endocytosis

A

The process in which food is moved into the cell in large volumes

229
Q

What is exocytosis

A

the process in which waste is secreted out by the cells in large volumes

230
Q

What is an example of endocytosis

A

White blood cells engulf bacteria as food in large volumes

231
Q

What are common molecules transported by active transport

A

Na+ and K+ ions that conduct nerve signals in and out of the cells

232
Q

What vesicle binds to the cell membrane for exocytosis

A

Transport vesicle releases waste contents outside cell

233
Q

What happens to the cell membrane during endocytosis

A

the membrane folds on itself producing a vesicle that brings molecules in to the cell

234
Q

What are two types of Transport proteins

A

Channel proteins and Carrier Proteins

235
Q

The rate of diffusion in facilitated diffusion is based on what

A

The concentration gradient, efficiency of transport protein and number of transport molecules available

236
Q

Is facilitated diffusion faster than simple diffusion

A

It is , however it has a upper limit when all transporters are occupied

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions