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Grade 12 Biology > Metabolic Processes - Chapter 3 - Pop Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes - Chapter 3 - Pop Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body: anabolic, catabolic, redox

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2
Q

What do all living things require to survive

A

energy

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3
Q

What is energy

A

the capacity to do work

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4
Q

what are the two types of energy studied in biology

A

Kinetic and potential

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5
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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6
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored energy via the object’s position or arrangement like CHEMICAL BOND ENERGY in ATP bonds

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7
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another (photosynthesis, light energy from sun into chemical bond energy in sugars)

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8
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be transformed from one form to another without a loss of useful energy. the energy is lost as thermal energy therefore it is no longer available to do work

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9
Q

What is ΔG

A

Gibbs free energy, the energy available to do work

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10
Q

What is entropy

A

the release of unusable energy, in the form of random particle motion during any energy transformation

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11
Q

What is a reaction with a net release of free energy

A

exergonic

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12
Q

what is a reaction that absorbs energy from the sorrounding

A

endergonic

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13
Q

what is the Gibbs free energy for a exergonic reaction

A

negative

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14
Q

what is the gibbs free energy for a endergonic reaction

A

positive

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15
Q

If a reaction is exergonic, what else can be said about it

A

the reaction is spontaneous

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16
Q

what is bond energy

A

Bond energy is a measure of the strength or stability of a covalent bond

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17
Q

what is activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy that chemical reactants
must absorb to start a reaction

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18
Q

what is a transition state

A

a temporary condition during a chemical reaction in which the bonds in the reactants are breaking and
the bonds in the products are forming

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19
Q

What can be said about an endergonic reaction

A

it is non-spontaneous

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20
Q

In an exergonic reaction, compare the chemical potential energy in the reactants vs products

A

products have less chemical potential energy than reactants

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21
Q

In an endergonic reaction, compare the chemical potential energy in the reactants vs products

A

products have more chemical potential energy than reactants

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22
Q

In chemical reactions, when does entropy increase

A

when solids react to form liquids or gasses
liquids react to form gaseous products
the total number of product molecules is greater than reactant molecules

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23
Q

What is a spontaneous change

A

a change that will, once begun, continue on its own under a given set of conditions (like the burning of a match). DOES NOT require continuous supply of energy

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24
Q

What is free energy

A

a.k.a gibbs free energy, this is the energy that is not lost during an energy transformation that is available for useful work.

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25
Q

How can gibbs free energy or free energy be calculated

A

Free energy of products (-) Free energy of reactants

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26
Q

What does a negative free energy value mean

A

Free energy of products is less than free energy of reactants, downward trending graph

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27
Q

what does a positive free energy value mean

A

Free energy of products is more that free energy of reactants, upward trending graph

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28
Q

What are coupled reactions (a.k.a energy coupling)

A

when endergonic reactions are facilitated by free energy from an exergonic reaction

29
Q

What does a coupled reaction mean in terms of its characteristics

A

the coupled reactions have a negative free energy value and when coupled, both reactions can occur spontaneously

30
Q

What is a catabolic pathway

A

a pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules (hydrolysis, exergonic reaction, G value negative, spontaneous, cellular respiration)

31
Q

What is an anabolic pathway

A

a pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules (dehydration synthesis, endergonic reactions, positive G value, non spontaneous, photosynthesis)

32
Q

What is ATP

A

primary source of free energy in living cells

33
Q

What makes up ATP

A

Adenine base, five carbon sugar ribose, three phosphate groups

34
Q

What is ATPase

A

catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of the ATP

35
Q

howmuch energy is produced in the beaking of the high energy phosphate bond in ATP

A

31 KJ/Mole

36
Q

What is more stable, ADP or ATP

A

ADP

37
Q

instead of releasing free energy as heat in cells, what happens?

A

the cell couples the hydrolysis of the phosphate groups with another bodily endergonic process that attaches the phosphate group to another molecule

38
Q

What is attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule known as

A

phosphorylation

39
Q

What does high energy mean in terms of stability

A

less stable

40
Q

What is the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another known as

A

redox reaction

41
Q

What is the process of losing electrons

A

oxidation

42
Q

what is the process of gaining electrons

A

reduction

43
Q

If a molecule is oxidized, what type of agent is it

A

reducing agent

44
Q

if a molecule is reduced, what type of agent is it

A

oxidizing agent

45
Q

What is a coupled redox reaction

A

Product of one redox reaction is the reactant of the next redox reaction since the electrons move to increasingly stronger electron acceptors (oxidizing agents). this means there is a increasing affinity for electrons as time goes on

46
Q

what are the three types of work discussed

A

chemical, mechanical, and transport work

47
Q

What is released between each step of coupled redox

A

free energy

48
Q

What is another way of reduction and oxidation

A

partially in covalent bonds when the electrons move closer to the more electronegative atom, but not transferred all the way resulting in the effective loss of electrons

49
Q

what happens when increasing the temperature

A

method to speed up reaction

49
Q

what is a common source of activation energy

A

thermal energy

50
Q

What do enzymes do

A

lower activation energy and increase rate of spontaneous reaction

51
Q

what do enzymes NOT do

A

alter the products of a reaction, supply free energy to a reaction, cause an endergonic reaction to proceed spontaneously

52
Q

What must substrate molecules be in for the decrease in activation energy

A

their transition state

53
Q

What are the three ways an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

A
  1. by bringing 2 substrates into contact by binding them to specific sites allowing them to collide easily so bonds break quickly
  2. enzymes can bring a substrate into a charged environment and break the bonds in the substrate using repulsion and attraction between ionic groups
  3. The active site of the enzyme can strain or distort the substrate molecule, which weakens its chemical bonds. This reduces the amount of energy required to break the bonds (induced fit).
54
Q

What is the main characteristic of C-H bonds

A

high potential energy

55
Q

Why are C-H bonds a good source of energy

A

Electrons in C - H bonds are a good source of energy because of their position and proximity to the relatively small atomic nuclei of carbon and hydrogen atoms

56
Q

What happens to molecules with oxygen

A

Less chemical potential energy as the electrons are usually closer to the electronegative oxygen

57
Q

why is O2 a good electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

Since O2 has very high electronegativity, it is an ideal electron acceptor atom in the process of cellular respiration

58
Q

What is another definition of oxidation

A

the removal of hydrogen atoms from, or the addition of oxygen atoms to, a molecule or atom is also called oxidation

59
Q

what is another definition of reduction

A

the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen is called a reduction

60
Q

what is produced during the complete oxidation of organic molecules

A

CO2 and H2O are produced during the complete oxidation of all organic molecules

61
Q

When glucose is burned during rapid oxidation, what happens

A

a large amount of waste thermal energy (free energy) is released after an initial large energy of activation is overcome
by a spark or flame, NOT efficent for cells

62
Q

What do cells use to be more efficient instead of rapid oxidation

A

cells used controlled oxidation instead by splitting up the process into smaller steps, overcoming significantly smaller activation energies repeatedly via catalysts and body temperature creating modest amounts of energy that can be harnessed better than rapid oxidation

63
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction when food molecules are oxidized

A

Dehydrogenase

64
Q

what does dehydrogenase do in detail

A

facilitates the transfer of high energy electrons from food to molecules that act as energy carriers or shuttles

65
Q

What is the most common energy carrier molecule

A

positively charged coenzyme called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

66
Q

what happens during cellular respiration with food molecules

A

At various points during cellular respiration, dehydrogenases remove two hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule, transferring the two high-energy electrons and only one of the protons (H+) to NAD+. The other H+ is released into the cytosol.

67
Q

What is the main reason for NADH (reduced NAD) to be in the body

A

drives ATP synthesis as a source of energy

68
Q

How efficient is the energy transfer between food and NAD+

A

Efficiency is very high and almost no energy is lost as thermal energy

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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