Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you synthesize? (Anabolic)

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Where do you break something down? (Catabolism)

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

What is the substrate that starts and the product for Heme synthesis?

A

Succinyl -CoA is the substrate that starts (allosteric activator)

Ferrochelatase is the product which adds iron in the heme ring.

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4
Q

What amino acid and vitamin do you need for heme synthesis?

A

Glycine and Vit B6

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5
Q

If you are missing the mannose 6 phosphate label then no enzymes will end up in the lysosomes .. what DZ am I ?

A

I cell

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6
Q

Which complexes use heme ?

A

3 and 4

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7
Q

Statins destroy what?

A

Coenzyme Q10 aka ubiquinone

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8
Q

Copper is apart of which complex ?

A

complex IV aka cytochrome oxidase complex

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9
Q

Which complex phosphorlyates ?

A

Complex V

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10
Q

what blocks complex II ?

A

malonate

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11
Q

How do uncouplers cause Malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

allows ETC to continue but ATP synthesis stops and leaves muscle contracted

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12
Q

Which nucleotides have the tightest bond? loosest?

A

AT have the loosest bonds (double) and the most rapidly dividing cells

GC has the tightest (three) bonds and is found in the brain.

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13
Q

To isolate DNA use?

A

thymidine - southern blot

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14
Q

to isolate RNA use?

A

uracil - northern blot

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15
Q

What is the substrate that starts and the product for Purine synthesis?

A

Start with Ribose 5 phosphate from the Pentose Pathway

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16
Q

PRPP is high when?

A

de novo, higher Km

17
Q

PRPP is low when?

A

Salvage, lower Km

18
Q

When is de novo preferred?

A

periods of rapid growth

CA

0-2, 4-7, puberty, pregnancy

19
Q

rRNA are synthesized where?

A

nucleolus

they are most abundant

20
Q

mRNA

A

synthesized during transcription
DNA –> mRNA
3’ - poly A tail
5’ - Guanosine cap

21
Q

SNRPS - small nuclear ribonuclear proteins

A

smallest

responsible for splicing of mRNA during posttranscriptional modification

22
Q

tRNA is used in?

A

translation
the anticodon is responsible for finding AA
3’ contains CCA and cost 2 GTPs

23
Q

RNA polymerase 1 synthesizes

A

rRNA

24
Q

RNA polymerase 2 synthesizes

A

mRNA

25
Q

RNA polymerase 3 synthesizes

A

tRNA and snRNP

26
Q

enhancer, repressor

A

jump around from 1 chrom to another

27
Q

if repressor mutated/ enhancer mutated

A

CA

28
Q

When does cyanosis occur?

A

5g of Hg are fully desaturated of O2

29
Q

Reasons for low reticulocyte count? (6)

A

renal failure
aplastic anemia
mets CA
fanconi syndrome- pure RBC aplasia - 2nd possible thymoma
diamond blackfan syndrome - RBC aplasia w/ finger abnormalities

30
Q

tx for vWF

A

ADH analog - DDAVP
Mod bleed - cryoprecipitate (F8,vWF, fibrinogen)
severe bleed - FFP - F8 conc

31
Q

Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to ? Tx?

A

autoantibodies to gp2b/3a

Tx: Gp2b/3a (TEA)
Tirofiban
Eptifabtide
Abciximab

32
Q

What can you give for intermittent claudication?

A

PDE III inhibitors: coronary vasodilator
Cilastazole
Dipyridamole

33
Q

4 drugs for massive hemorrhage

A

Tranexamic acid
F7 activator
prothrombin complex
fibrinogen complex

34
Q

Catabolic Hormones

A

epinephrine
glucagon
cortisol
growth hormone

35
Q

What is the allosteric activator in glycolysis ?

A

F2,6DP which activates PFK1

36
Q

What is the allosteric inhibitor in glycolysis ?

A

citrate

37
Q

What happens when exercising in glycolysis?

A

PFK1 becomes too slow