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Intro to Biochem and Cell Biology > Metabolic pathways > Flashcards

Metabolic pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

They are 3

What are the main purposes of metabolism ?

A
  • The conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes
  • The conversion of food to building blocks for the synthesis of molecules
  • Elimination of metabolic wastes
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2
Q

What are chemical reactions of metabolism organised in ?

A

Metabolic Pathways

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3
Q

What is a metabolic pathway ?

A
  • A sequenece of chemical reactions that begins with a particular molecule —-> of another molecule (s)
  • These reactions are enzyme catalyzed
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4
Q

How can we control a metabolic pathway ?

A
  • By the presence or absence of a particular
  • The rate of enzyme activity controls the rate of a pathway
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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  • Orientates the rectants into the correct positions for the reaction to take place.
  • The binding of a substrate also lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
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6
Q

They are 2

What classes is metabolism divided in ?

A
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
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6
Q

They are 2

What classes is metabolism divided in ?

A
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
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7
Q

What is an anabolic metabolism ?

A
  • Requires energy (endergonic)
  • Synthesis of nucleic acids, carbodydrates, lipids aand proteins
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8
Q

What is a catabolic metabolism?

A
  • Common in all organisms showing evolution
  • Releases energy (exergonic)
  • Breakdown of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins into small metabolites
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9
Q

What does ATP stand for and what is it ?

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • It’s the energy currency of the cell (primary energy carrying molecule in the cell)
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10
Q

What is the structure of ATP ?

A
  • Phosphate groups
  • Adenine
  • Ribose
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11
Q

What is the source of the ATP bonds ?

A
  • High energy containing bonds
  • Energy is releaseb when the ebonds are broken
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12
Q

does the forward reaction release or require energy ?

A

it releases energy

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13
Q

does the backwards reaction release or require energy ?

A

it requires energy

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages in which energy is extracted fom food?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. TCA (Krebs) cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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15
Q

What is glycolysis ?

A

The lysis of glucose

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur ?

A

Cytoplasm

17
Q

Can gycolysis operate withou oxygen/anaerobic condition ?

A

yes

18
Q

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is available?

A

pyruvate entres the mitochondria to undergo oxidative metabolism where TCA occurs

19
Q

What are glucose tranporters ?

A

A group of memebrane proteins (5 different types - GLUT transporters that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma memebrane - facilitated transport

20
Q

When is glucose tranport reversible ?

A
  • if cellular level of glucose exceeds the plasma level then glucose will leak out of the cell
  • This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme hexokinase
21
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A

it traps glucose in the cell

22
Q

How much ATP is used up per glucose ?

A

2 ATPs consumed

23
Q

What does NAD stand for ?

A

Nicotinamode adenine dinucleotide

24
Q

What is NAD?

A

cofactor or activated carrier

25
Q

What does NAD+ do ?

A

NAD+ accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced by NADH

26
Q

What does NADH do ?

A

it donates electron

27
Q

What will be the consequence of limiting the amount of NAD in the cytoplasm ?

A

When oxygen is available NAD is regenerated from NADH in the mitochondria

28
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis consume and produce ?
And what is the net gain ?

A

2 ATP consumed
4 ATP produced
Net gain is 2 ATP

29
Q

What is the equation for the first phase of glycolysis ?

A
  • glucose + 2 ATP —–> 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phospphate + 2 ADP
29
Q

What is the equation for the first phase of glycolysis ?

A
  • glucose + 2 ATP —–> 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phospphate + 2 ADP
30
Q

What is the equation for the 2nd phase of glycolysis ?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phospahte + (NAD+) + ADP+ Pi —-> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH+ (H+) + ATP 2x

3-phosphoglycerate + ADP ——> pyruvate + ATP x2

31
Q

What is the overall equation of glycolysis ?

A

glucose + (2NAD+) + 2ADP + 2Pi ——> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + (2H+) + ATP x2

31
Q

What is the overall equation of glycolysis ?

A

glucose + (2NAD+) + 2ADP + 2Pi ——> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + (2H+) + ATP x2

32
Q

What does the mitochindria do when the oxygen regenerates?

A

NAD from NADH

33
Q

How does glycolysis work in the absence of oxygen ?

A
  • due to lack of oxygen mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is unable to regenerate all NAD required for glycolysis
  • Pyruvate is reduced to lactate NADH –> NAD
34
Q

Glycolysis converts __a__ molecule of __b__ into __c__molecules of __d___

A

a) 1
b) glucose
c) 2
d) pyruvate

35
Q

How do cells regenerate NAD from NADH in the absence of oxygen ?

A
  • By reducing pyruvate to lactate
36
Q

What enzyme is NADH regenerated by ?

A
  • NADH is generated by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 phospahte dehydrogenase
37
Q

What enzyme catalyses the 1st step in glycolysis ?

A

Hexokinase

Intro to Biochem and Cell Biology (14 decks)

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