Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a carbohydrate ?

A

A simple unit (CH2O)n

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2
Q

What do carbohydrates occur as ?

A
  • Simple sugars (monosaccharide and disaccharides)
  • Complex glucose polymers (polysaccharides)
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3
Q

What are the main fuctions of carbohydrate ?

A
  • Primary: short-term energy generation
  • Secondary: intermidiate-term energy storage
  • Tertiary: structural components in cells
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4
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A
  • Aldehydes or ketones which contain a carbonyl group : a carbon oxygen double bound
  • Depending on the number of C atoms they contain
    e.g. trioses (3)
    tetroses (4)
    pentoses (5)
    hexoses (6)
    heptoses (7)
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5
Q

What is monosaccharide cyclisation ?

A
  • Ring form is more energetically stable
  • Aldehyde or ketone can react with -OH
  • Monosaccharides that contain five or more carbons atoms form cyclic structures
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6
Q

What are the name of the bonds in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

Linking carbohydrates will form:

A
  • Disaccharides (sucrose)
  • Oligosaccharides (ABO glycolipids)
  • Polysaccharides (cellulose)
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8
Q

How do disaccharides form?

A

2 sugar residues joined together via condensation

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9
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
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10
Q

What is the storage form of glucose ?

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What is the link of the main chian of glucose ?

A

a1→4 linked

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12
Q

What is the link of the branches of glucose?

A

a1→6 linked

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13
Q

What is starch used as ?

A

A nutritional reservoir in plants

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14
Q

What are the 2 forms of starch?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopopectin
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15
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A
  • Unbranched
  • a-1,4-linked glucose residues
  • Coils into a helical structure
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16
Q

What is the structure of amylopetin?

A
  • Branched (identical to glycogen)
  • a-1,6-linked residue every 30 a-1,4-linkage
17
Q

What is the role of cellulose?

A

It has a structural role rather than a nutritional role

18
Q

How many glucose monomers does celulose have ?

A

8,000 to 10,000

19
Q

What is the structure of cellulose ?

A
  • Unbranched glucose polymer
  • b-1,4-linked residues
  • multiple OH groups from hydrogen bonds
  • forms long and streight chains
  • Rigid, supporter structure
20
Q

What is the structure and role of Oligosaccharides?

A
  • Contains 3-9 monosaccharides
  • Linked by O or N glycosidic bonds
21
Q

Where can the oligosaccharides be found?

A
  • Cell memebrane
  • ABO blood grouping
  • Cell recorgnition
  • Cell walls
22
Q

Meaning ABO blood groups ?

A
  • ABO regers to oligosaccharide chains (antigens) on red blood cells
  • Group O - universal donor
  • Group AB - universal acceptor
23
Q

What process are complex oligosaccharides involved in?

A

Cellular recorgnition (non repetitive sequence)

24
Q

What are oligosaccharides involved in ?

A
  1. Bacterial and viral infections
  2. Cancer metastatsis
  3. Intercellular recorgnition processes
25
Q

Break down the word

A
  • amino acids (peptido)
  • sugar (glycan)
26
Q

where are peptidoglycans found ?

A
  • Bacterial cell walls
  • Responsible for their structure rigigity
26
Q

where are peptidoglycans found ?

A
  • Bacterial cell walls
  • Responsible for their structure rigigity
27
Q

What is the structure of gram positive peptidoglycans ?

A
  • Many layers of peptidoglycans in cell wall
  • Retain crystal violet dye when stained
  • Purple when under miroscope
28
Q

What is the structure of gram negative peptidoglycans ?

A
  • Cell wall in thin-inside is made of peptidoglycan
  • Outer memebrane composed of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
  • Thin wall cannot stop violent stain leeching out (pink)