Metabolic Integration

Question 1

What are the counter insulin hormones?

Answer 1

Adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone

Question 2

Hypo and hyperglycaemic hormones?

Answer 2

Hypoglycaemic = insulin - deficiency of glucose 
Hyperglycaemic = glucagon - excess of glucose

Question 3

The stimulation of insulin?

Answer 3

Blood glucose rises, blood amino acids rise, glucagon released and inhibited by adrenaline

Question 4

The stimulation of glucagon?

Answer 4

Stimulated by low blood glucose, high amino acid in the blood and adrenaline

Question 5

Glucose to insulin release?

Answer 5

Glucose + amino acid -> ATP -> K+ channel closing -> Ca2+ -> insulin release

Question 6

What’s the main purpose of insulin?

Answer 6

To stimulate glycogen synthesis and storage

Stimulate amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and stimulates fatty acid synthesis

Question 7

What does insulin stimulate?

Answer 7

The uptake of glucose into the muscle and the adipose tissue so it’s essential for glucose homeostasis
Glut4 allows for glucose uptake
When blood glucose levels are high, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis by triggering a protein phosphatase pathway which stimulates glycogen synthesis and inhibition of breakdown

Question 8

How can lipolysis be inhibited?

Answer 8

By insulin through the activation of AKT/PKB and inhibition of hormone sensitive lipase

Question 9

How does insulin effect transcriptions?

Answer 9

It controls gene transcription by modifying the binding of transcription factors to insulin

Question 10

What is the purpose of glucagon?

Answer 10

Maintains blood glucose
Activates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Activates fatty acid release and oxidation

Question 11

What does cortisol do?

Answer 11

Stimulates amino acid mobilisation for muscle
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fatty acid release

Question 12

What is the fed-absorptive state?

Answer 12

2-4 hours after a meal
Increases blood sugar, amino acids and TAG
Storage of glycogen, TAG and protein

Question 13

Carbohydrate metabolism in the liver?

Answer 13

Glycolysis in fed state activated through glucokinase, PFK and pyruvate kinase which inhibits glcuoneogenesis

Question 14

The liver fat metabolism?

Answer 14

Fatty acid and TAG synthesis activated
Acetyl CoA turns to Malonyl CoA which inhibits carnitine transport and allows new fatty acids to become esterified to TAG

Question 15

Glucose transport in different areas of the body?

Answer 15

Brain = high to low concentrations independent of insulin
Muscle = GLUT4
Adipose tissue = GLUT4

Question 16

Fasting post-absorptive state?

Answer 16

Where blood glucose peaks then blood glucose removed for oxidation and storage, concentration of insulin drops and glucagon then rises

Question 17

What happens after 24 hours of fasting?

Answer 17

All blood glucose comes from gluconeogensis

Question 18

Uses of ketone bodies?

Answer 18

Act on pancreas to stimulate insulin release
Limit muscle proteolysis
Limit lipolysis
Conserve muscle tissue

Question 19

Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 19

Autoimmune destruction of B cells 
Early onset
Muscle and weight loss
Insulin is treatment
Hyperglycaemia

Question 20

Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

Later onset
Insulin resistance
Diet and lifestyle associated
Hyperglycaemia

Question 21

What is hyperglycaemia?

Answer 21

An excess of glucose in the blood stream