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KIN 334 > Metabolic and Endocrine Mechanisms of Food Intake Regulation > Flashcards

Metabolic and Endocrine Mechanisms of Food Intake Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism:

A

process that breaks down food molecules using oxygen, releasing stored energy

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2
Q

anabolism:

A

process that builds food molecules into complex chemical compounds

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3
Q

thermogenesis:

A

energy out

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4
Q

basal metabolic rate:

A

rate of metabolism when a person is lying down, is awake, is not digesting food, and the environment is comfortably warm

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5
Q

Total metabolic rate:

A

total amount of energy, expressed in calories, used by the body per day

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6
Q

Factors that effect BMR:

A
  • size (SA)
  • sex
  • body comp
  • age
  • amount of thyroid hormone
  • miscellaneous
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7
Q

Factors that effect TMR:

A
  • BMR
  • exercise and all kinds of muscular activity
  • food intake (TEF)
  • environmental temperature
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8
Q

thermic effect of food:

A

acceleration of GI tract functioning in response to food presence (releases heat)

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9
Q

physical activity:

A

voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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10
Q

adaptive thermogenesis:

A
  • adaptation to dramatically changing circumstances
  • extra work done by body
  • amount expected is extremely variable
  • not included in energy requirement calculations
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11
Q

What 3 components make up thermogenesis and by how much?

A
  • RMR (~60%)
  • thermic effect of exercise and spontaneous activity (~30%)
  • TEF metabolism (~10%)
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12
Q

food intake:

A

energy in

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13
Q

Sustaining satiation and satiety:

A
  • protein has highest satiety
  • fat can also increase satiety
  • fibre has high satiation
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14
Q

hunger:

A

physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers (hypothalamus-induced)

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15
Q

satiation:

A

causes you to stop eating during a meal

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16
Q

satiety:

A

stops you from eating after a meal

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17
Q

satiating:

A

the power to stop you from eating

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18
Q

BMI:

A
  • body mass index
  • relative weight for height
  • health related classifications
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19
Q

BMI =

A

weight (kg)/height (m)^2

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20
Q

Healthy BMI:

A

18.5 to 24.9 in adults

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21
Q

BMI is not a measure of ____ _____.

A

body composition

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22
Q

Types of body fat:

A
  • visceral fat (central obesity)

- subcutaneous fat

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23
Q

waist circumference:

A
  • indicator of fat distribution and central obesity

- waist to hip ratio

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24
Q

Indicator of obesity: waist circumference:

A
  • women: greater than 35 inches

- men: greater than 40 inches

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25
Disruption or imbalance of metabolism:
- inborn errors of metabolism | - metabolic complications from other conditions
26
inborn errors of metabolism:
genetic conditions involving deficient or abnormal metabolic enzymes
27
Metabolic complications from other conditions include...
- hormonal imbalances | - eating disorders
28
Eating disorders:
- anorexia nervosa - bulimia/bulmarexia - protein-calorie malnutrition
29
Obesity:
abnormally high proportion of fat in the body
30
Metabolic functions of the liver:
- processes blood immediately after it leaves the GI tract - removes toxins from the blood - helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels - site of protein and fat metabolism
31
Fat metabolism:
- primarily an energy good - converted to glucose by catabolism - excess fat anabolized to form adipose tissue
32
Protein metabolism:
- catabolized for energy after depletion of carbohydrate and fat stores - amino acids broken apart and converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis
33
Hormone secretion is controlled by _____ ____.
homeostatic feedback
34
Negative feedback:
mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in a physiological system
35
Positive feedback:
- uncommon | - mechanisms that amplify physiological changes
36
2 types of pancreatic islets:
- glucagon | - insulin
37
Glucagon is secreted by ____ cells.
alpha
38
Insulin is secreted by ____ cells.
beta
39
Glucagon function:
increases blood glucose levels by accelerating liver glycogenolysis
40
Insulin function:
- regulates availability of all key metabolic fuels | - decreases blood glucose levels by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells
41
2 obesity related hormones:
- ghrelin | - leptin
42
Ghrelin is secreted by ....
the gut
43
Leptin is secreted by....
adipose tissue
44
Ghrelin function:
- increases appetite - decreases EE - promotes positive energy balance - inverse correlation with body weight - roles in the body beyond energy regulation
45
Leptin function:
- acts as a hormone in hypothalamus - suppresses appetite - increases EE - promotes negative energy balance
46
Genetics and epigenetics of leptin:
- genetic deficiency of leptin or genetic mutation (rare) - leptin resistance (fructose consumption) - letpin injections
47
The unsustainable diet vicious cycle:
1. decision to lose weight 2. make drastic diet and exercise changes for quick results 3. short-term progress starts to slow down 4. dig deeper and make more unsustainable changes 5. hit a wall, progress stops and motivation withers away 6. fall off wagon, quit dieting and pack weight back on over time
48
Rudolf Clausius found that....
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed | - first law of thermodynamics
49
First law of thermodynamics =
caloric intake - EE = change in the total energy in the body
50
CALERIE study:
long term effects of reducing energy intake
51
Hormonal adaptations to long term caloric restriction in humans:
- reduces insulin - reduces leptin - increases cortisol - reduces adiponectin
52
Studies....
.
53
Glycemic index:
how much blood glucose levels are raised by food
54
Glycemic load:
how much of the food will raise blood glucose levels in the body
55
Diogenes study:
effects of glycemic load on body weight
56
Framingham State Food study:
effects of macronutrient composition on EE
57
Aim of Framingham State Food study:
to evaluate the effect of 2 diets varying in carb to fat ratio on EE during weight loss maintenance over 5 months in a feeding study
58
Short term feeding studies:
- digenes study (6 months) | - Framingham State Food study (5 months)
59
Long term feeding studies:
- POUNDS LOST study (24 months) - DIRECT study (24 months) - DIETFITS study (12 months)
60
Sequencing type of foods:
- eat non-ultraprocessed footds - eat lower in calorie density FIRST (eg. start meals with soup and/or salad) - eat earlier in the day
61
Don't drink your calories:
- liquid calories have little satiety | - eat your fruits and veggies, don't drink them

KIN 334 (14 decks)

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