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KIN 334 > Body Composition and Health > Flashcards

Body Composition and Health Flashcards

1
Q

4 components of body composition:

A
  • nutrient intake
  • energy metabolism
  • hormonal regulation of metabolism
  • PA
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2
Q

BMI does not identify ….

A

low muscle mass

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3
Q

Body comp abnormalities in normal aging:

A
  • skeletal muscle changes
  • FM changes
  • bone mass/density changes
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4
Q

____ ____ ___ is the second most variable component, within and between individuals after ___ ____.

A
  • skeletal muscle mass

- fat mass

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle mass is relatively _____ within individuals during younger adulthood, after which mass begins to ____.

A
  • stable

- decrease

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6
Q

Rate of muscle mass decrease is greater in ___ than ____.

A
  • men

- women

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7
Q

Accelerated rate of muscle mass loss after ____ years.

A

65

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8
Q

FM changes with aging depends on ____.

A

race

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9
Q

Peak bone mass occurs around what age?

A

19-25

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10
Q

Fracture zone is at what age?

A

after 50

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11
Q

5 reasons why muscle declines with aging?

A
  • age-related decrease in muscle area/volume
  • age-related reduction in muscle protein synthesis rate
  • loss of skeletal muscle fibre
  • reduction in skeletal muscle fibre quality
  • reduction in anabolic hormones
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12
Q

Age-related decrease in muscle area/volume starts in _____, and is associated with a reduction in ____ and ____ ____ ____.

A
  • mid 40s
  • strength
  • muscle oxygen uptake
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13
Q

Why is there age-related reduction in muscle protein synthesis rate?

A
  • progressive decrease in synthesis rate of myosin heavy chain
  • decreased stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by AA (more AA needed to stimulate)
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14
Q

Loss of muscle fibres with aging thought to begin with….which causes the muscle fibre to ……

A
  • the loss or impairment of motor neurons

- atrophy and eventually die

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15
Q

With aging, there is absolute reduction in type ___ muscle fibre area with relative preservation of type __ fibre.

A
  • II

- I

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16
Q

In vitro studies of type I and type IIA muscle fibres found:

A
  • lower maximal force compared to fibres from younger adults
  • reduced shortening velocity compared to fibres from younger adults
  • indicates that loss of muscle strength might not be only due to a reduction in the amount of muscle
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17
Q

Describe the reduction in anabolic hormones with aging:

A
  • decrease GH, ILGF-1, estrogen/progesterone (effect on bone density), testosterone, and other androgens that are linked to a decrease in muscle mass and increase in BF
  • insulin resistance
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18
Q

Sarcopenia:

A

loss of muscle mass and strength

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19
Q

Sarcopenia is ASM =

A

2 SD below the mean for young healthy adults

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20
Q

3 factors that may influence sarcopenia:

A
  • age
  • sex
  • ethnicity
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21
Q

Sarcopenia spectrum:

A
  1. risk of falls
  2. metabolic disorders
  3. immune dysfunction
  4. mortality
22
Q

Risk of falls can mean:

A
  • potential fractures
  • impaired ADL
  • functional disabilities
23
Q

Metabolic disorders include:

A
  • insulin resistance

- arthritis

24
Q

Immune dysfunction include:

A
  • infection
  • complications
  • increased length of hospital stay
25
Obesity impact to health and wellness:
- glucose regulation - depression - CVD - hypertension
26
Sarcopenia impact to health and wellness:
- mobility/frailty - joint disorders - strength/power - functional capacity
27
Prevention/treatment of sarcopenia:
healthy diet and activity (resistance and aerobic exercise)
28
Aerobic activity effects:
- improves CV fitness and endurance capacity - also helps with weight reduction thereby improving insulin sensitivity - not enough to maintain muscle mass
29
Strength and power resistance training effects:
- reverses muscle weakness of sarcopenia - shown to build muscle mass; increase strength (force production) and power (product of force and velocity) - resistance training reverses functional decline in the elderly
30
Nutritional aspects in the treatment/prevention of sarcopenia:
- adequate nutrition - protein intake (synthesis) - energy intake (weight and muscle loss) - vitamin D - antioxidant nutrients - polyunsaturated fatty acids
31
Aging is associated with a decline in ____, mainly ____ and _____.
- FFM - skeletal muscle mass - bone density
32
Aging is associated with _____ impairment and _____ and _____ changes.
- functional - physiological - behavioural
33
4 distinct body comp phenotypes in older adults are based on amount of ____ and ____ ____.
- muscle (ASMI) | - fat mass (FMI)
34
4 body comp phenotypes in older adults:
- normal - sarcopenic - obese - sarcopenic obese
35
Normal phenotype:
- low adiposity - high muscularity - low prevalence
36
Sarcopenic phenotype:
- low adiposity - low muscularity - very low prevalence
37
Obese phenotype:
- high adiposity - high muscularity - high prevalence
38
Sarcopenic obese phenotype:
- high adiposity - low muscularity - moderate prevalence
39
Abnormalities in body composition (clinical setting):
- obesity - sarcopenia - osteoporosis - cachexia
40
Abnormalities in body comp (clinical setting) can lead to:
- diabetes - obesity - aging - HIV/AIDS - spinal cord injury - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - cancer - rheumatoid arthritis - sepsis
41
15% of obese patients with cancer are....
sarcopenic obese
42
Long term clinical implication: sarcopenia leads to ____% increase in overall _____ risks.
- 44% | - mortality
43
Short term clinical implication: abnormal body comp can lead to...
- physical disability - frailty - toxicity - mortality - readmission - longer hospital stay - complication
44
Comorbidities can lead to...
surgical complications (length of hospital stay, short-term mortality)
45
Alterations during chemotherapy: increased....
- oxidative stress - systemic inflammation - protein proteolysis - tissue repair/cell turnover
46
Alterations during chemotherapy: decreased...
- PA | - food intake and nutrient absorption
47
Other alterations during chemotherapy:
- impact on body SA dosing - altered pharmacokinetics - increased dose limiting toxicity - decreased treatment efficacy
48
Dose limiting toxicities:
- delays - reductions - discontinuation - hospitalization - death
49
Patients with lower ____ ____ are more likely to experience dose limiting toxicities.
lower lean mass
50
CT imaging provides _____ and _____.
- specificity | - precision

KIN 334 (14 decks)

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