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KIN 334 > Body Composition and Health > Flashcards

Body Composition and Health Flashcards

1
Q

4 components of body composition:

A
  • nutrient intake
  • energy metabolism
  • hormonal regulation of metabolism
  • PA
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2
Q

BMI does not identify ….

A

low muscle mass

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3
Q

Body comp abnormalities in normal aging:

A
  • skeletal muscle changes
  • FM changes
  • bone mass/density changes
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4
Q

____ ____ ___ is the second most variable component, within and between individuals after ___ ____.

A
  • skeletal muscle mass

- fat mass

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle mass is relatively _____ within individuals during younger adulthood, after which mass begins to ____.

A
  • stable

- decrease

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6
Q

Rate of muscle mass decrease is greater in ___ than ____.

A
  • men

- women

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7
Q

Accelerated rate of muscle mass loss after ____ years.

A

65

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8
Q

FM changes with aging depends on ____.

A

race

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9
Q

Peak bone mass occurs around what age?

A

19-25

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10
Q

Fracture zone is at what age?

A

after 50

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11
Q

5 reasons why muscle declines with aging?

A
  • age-related decrease in muscle area/volume
  • age-related reduction in muscle protein synthesis rate
  • loss of skeletal muscle fibre
  • reduction in skeletal muscle fibre quality
  • reduction in anabolic hormones
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12
Q

Age-related decrease in muscle area/volume starts in _____, and is associated with a reduction in ____ and ____ ____ ____.

A
  • mid 40s
  • strength
  • muscle oxygen uptake
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13
Q

Why is there age-related reduction in muscle protein synthesis rate?

A
  • progressive decrease in synthesis rate of myosin heavy chain
  • decreased stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by AA (more AA needed to stimulate)
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14
Q

Loss of muscle fibres with aging thought to begin with….which causes the muscle fibre to ……

A
  • the loss or impairment of motor neurons

- atrophy and eventually die

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15
Q

With aging, there is absolute reduction in type ___ muscle fibre area with relative preservation of type __ fibre.

A
  • II

- I

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16
Q

In vitro studies of type I and type IIA muscle fibres found:

A
  • lower maximal force compared to fibres from younger adults
  • reduced shortening velocity compared to fibres from younger adults
  • indicates that loss of muscle strength might not be only due to a reduction in the amount of muscle
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17
Q

Describe the reduction in anabolic hormones with aging:

A
  • decrease GH, ILGF-1, estrogen/progesterone (effect on bone density), testosterone, and other androgens that are linked to a decrease in muscle mass and increase in BF
  • insulin resistance
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18
Q

Sarcopenia:

A

loss of muscle mass and strength

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19
Q

Sarcopenia is ASM =

A

2 SD below the mean for young healthy adults

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20
Q

3 factors that may influence sarcopenia:

A
  • age
  • sex
  • ethnicity
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21
Q

Sarcopenia spectrum:

A
  1. risk of falls
  2. metabolic disorders
  3. immune dysfunction
  4. mortality
22
Q

Risk of falls can mean:

A
  • potential fractures
  • impaired ADL
  • functional disabilities
23
Q

Metabolic disorders include:

A
  • insulin resistance

- arthritis

24
Q

Immune dysfunction include:

A
  • infection
  • complications
  • increased length of hospital stay
25
Q

Obesity impact to health and wellness:

A
  • glucose regulation
  • depression
  • CVD
  • hypertension
26
Q

Sarcopenia impact to health and wellness:

A
  • mobility/frailty
  • joint disorders
  • strength/power
  • functional capacity
27
Q

Prevention/treatment of sarcopenia:

A

healthy diet and activity (resistance and aerobic exercise)

28
Q

Aerobic activity effects:

A
  • improves CV fitness and endurance capacity
  • also helps with weight reduction thereby improving insulin sensitivity
  • not enough to maintain muscle mass
29
Q

Strength and power resistance training effects:

A
  • reverses muscle weakness of sarcopenia
  • shown to build muscle mass; increase strength (force production) and power (product of force and velocity)
  • resistance training reverses functional decline in the elderly
30
Q

Nutritional aspects in the treatment/prevention of sarcopenia:

A
  • adequate nutrition
  • protein intake (synthesis)
  • energy intake (weight and muscle loss)
  • vitamin D
  • antioxidant nutrients
  • polyunsaturated fatty acids
31
Q

Aging is associated with a decline in ____, mainly ____ and _____.

A
  • FFM
  • skeletal muscle mass
  • bone density
32
Q

Aging is associated with _____ impairment and _____ and _____ changes.

A
  • functional
  • physiological
  • behavioural
33
Q

4 distinct body comp phenotypes in older adults are based on amount of ____ and ____ ____.

A
  • muscle (ASMI)

- fat mass (FMI)

34
Q

4 body comp phenotypes in older adults:

A
  • normal
  • sarcopenic
  • obese
  • sarcopenic obese
35
Q

Normal phenotype:

A
  • low adiposity
  • high muscularity
  • low prevalence
36
Q

Sarcopenic phenotype:

A
  • low adiposity
  • low muscularity
  • very low prevalence
37
Q

Obese phenotype:

A
  • high adiposity
  • high muscularity
  • high prevalence
38
Q

Sarcopenic obese phenotype:

A
  • high adiposity
  • low muscularity
  • moderate prevalence
39
Q

Abnormalities in body composition (clinical setting):

A
  • obesity
  • sarcopenia
  • osteoporosis
  • cachexia
40
Q

Abnormalities in body comp (clinical setting) can lead to:

A
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • aging
  • HIV/AIDS
  • spinal cord injury
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • cancer
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • sepsis
41
Q

15% of obese patients with cancer are….

A

sarcopenic obese

42
Q

Long term clinical implication: sarcopenia leads to ____% increase in overall _____ risks.

A
  • 44%

- mortality

43
Q

Short term clinical implication: abnormal body comp can lead to…

A
  • physical disability
  • frailty
  • toxicity
  • mortality
  • readmission
  • longer hospital stay
  • complication
44
Q

Comorbidities can lead to…

A

surgical complications (length of hospital stay, short-term mortality)

45
Q

Alterations during chemotherapy: increased….

A
  • oxidative stress
  • systemic inflammation
  • protein proteolysis
  • tissue repair/cell turnover
46
Q

Alterations during chemotherapy: decreased…

A
  • PA

- food intake and nutrient absorption

47
Q

Other alterations during chemotherapy:

A
  • impact on body SA dosing
  • altered pharmacokinetics
  • increased dose limiting toxicity
  • decreased treatment efficacy
48
Q

Dose limiting toxicities:

A
  • delays
  • reductions
  • discontinuation
  • hospitalization
  • death
49
Q

Patients with lower ____ ____ are more likely to experience dose limiting toxicities.

A

lower lean mass

50
Q

CT imaging provides _____ and _____.

A
  • specificity

- precision

KIN 334 (14 decks)

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