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KIN 334 > Body Composition: Basic Concepts and Techniques > Flashcards

Body Composition: Basic Concepts and Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What does body composition mean?

A
  • ratio of body fat to lean body mass

- amount of bone, fat, muscle tissue

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2
Q

5 levels of complexity for body composition models:

A
  1. atomic
  2. molecular
  3. cellular
  4. tissue-organ
  5. whole-body
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3
Q

Sum of components at each level =

A

body mass

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4
Q

_____ are the building blocks that form the whole body.

A

elements

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5
Q

6 elements that make up 98% of body weight:

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
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6
Q

____ elements make up the other 2% of body weight.

A

44

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7
Q

6 major compartments of molecular level:

A
  • water (intra + extracellular)
  • protein (N containing compounds that form metabolic tissue in body)
  • lipid
  • carbohydrates (glycogen) = negligible
  • bone minerals
  • soft tissue minerals
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8
Q

Water is ____% of total body weight.

A

60%

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9
Q

Bone minerals and soft tissue minerals make up ____% of body weight.

A

5%

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10
Q

Label FM or FFM:

  • lipid
  • water
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • soft tissue minerals
  • bone minerals
A
  • lipid (FM)
  • water (FFM)
  • protein (FFM)
  • carbohydrates (FFM)
  • soft tissue minerals (FFM)
  • bone minerals (FFM)
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11
Q

Lean soft tissue consists of:

A
  • metabolic tissue
  • intracellular water
  • extracellular water
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12
Q

Cellular level is comprised of:

A
  • cells
  • extracellular fluids (interstitial fluid and plasma)
  • extracellular solids (bone minerals, collagen and elastic fibres)
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13
Q

BCM:

A
  • body cell mass
  • used to reflect the metabolic tissues and intracellular water
  • site for most metabolic processes in the body
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14
Q

Tissue-organ level is comprised of:

A
  • adipose tissue
  • skeletal muscle
  • bone
  • visceral organs
  • brain
  • heart
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15
Q

Components of adipose tissue:

A
  • subcutaneous
  • visceral
  • interstitial
  • yellow marrow
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16
Q

Whole body level consists of:

A
  • body size
  • body shape
  • exterior characteristics
  • physical characteristics
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17
Q

The 5 level organization model of body comp provides the framework for understanding the different _____ available to assess body comp.

A

methodologies

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18
Q

Anthropometry is used to determine ____ ____ and _____.

A
  • body size

- proportions

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19
Q

5 components of anthropometry:

A
  • height
  • weight
  • BMI
  • circumferences
  • skinfold thickness
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20
Q

Why does height need to be accurate?

A
  • used for energy requirement calculations
  • used for BMI
  • used for height/weight tables
  • measure if possible
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21
Q

What is the most important anthropometric measure?

A

weight

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22
Q

Weight is related to ____, not ______.

A
  • size

- composition

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23
Q

____ ____ are most accurate to measure weight. ____ status is found.

A
  • electronic scales

- fluid

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24
Q

BMI evaluates ______ relative to _____ _____.

A
  • weight

- health risk

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25
Q

BMI =

A

weight (kg)/height (m^2)

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26
Q

Interpretation of BMI:

A
  • different values at age 65

- association with health risks

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27
Q

Why might BMI not tell the whole story?

A
  • tables not separated by sex, age
  • females have more fat at same BMI than men
  • not a good measure in elderly
  • can remain at same weight and still gain fat
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28
Q

Circumferences are used to estimate…..

A
  • skeletal muscle mass

- body fat stores

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29
Q

Waist circumference correlates with ____ ____ ____.

A

visceral fat stores

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30
Q

Waist circumference is a useful index of ____ _____, _____ _____.

A
  • abdominal obesity

- metabolic syndrome

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31
Q

Increased risk for ____ and ______ in overweight/obese individuals (males > ____ “, females > ____”).

A
  • CVD
  • type 2 diabetes
  • 40”
  • 35”
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32
Q

Waist to hip ratio estimates …..

A

distribution of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose and muscle tissue

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33
Q

Bad waist to hip ratios (males > _____, females > ____) can possibly increase risk for ____ and ______.

A
  • 1.0
  • 0.8
  • morbidity
  • mortality
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34
Q

Advantages of body circumferences:

A
  • mobile
  • inexpensive
  • fast, repeatable
  • non-invasive
  • no formal training
  • useful for large samples
  • anthropometrics and body comp values to which they relate are strongly linked to health
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35
Q

Disadvantages of body circumferences:

A
  • limited accuracy
  • training
  • repeatability (WC and skinfolds)
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36
Q

Skinfold thickness is the measurement of ….

A

subcutaneous adipose tissue stores

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37
Q

Skinfold thickness is measured with _____.

A

calipers

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38
Q

Adipose stores vary with ____, _____, ____.

A
  • age
  • sex
  • race
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39
Q

When doing skinfold thickness, using ____ ____ is more representative than only ____ _____.

A
  • multiple sites

- one site

40
Q

Skinfold thickness needs to be done by _____ _____.

A

trained individuals

41
Q

Advantages of skinfold thickness:

A
  • simple, fast, inexpensive, portable
  • good reference data
  • can be used with estimation equations
  • best field technique for FM estimation (strongly correlate with % BF)
42
Q

Disadvantages of skinfold thickness:

A
  • includes skin and SAT
  • affected by compressibility of SAT
  • maximum jaw openings
  • low precision
  • training and experience essential
  • poor correlation with FFM
43
Q

BIA stands for:

A

bioelectrical impedance analysis

44
Q

BIA estimates what 3 components of body comp?

A
  • total body water
  • FFM and FM
  • body cell mass
45
Q

How does BIA work?

A
  • low level electrical current passes through the body
  • FFM = electrical conductor
  • FM = insulator
46
Q

BIA is based on the relationship of ____ _____ to the ___ ____ of the body.

A
  • body comp

- water content

47
Q

FFM has high ____ and ____ content, it is ____ resistant to flow of the electrical current.

A
  • water
  • electrolyte
  • less
48
Q

Impedance:

A

opposition of a conductor to the flow of an alternating electric current (ie resistance to flow)

49
Q

Advantages of BIA:

A
  • safe
  • potentially portable
  • useful longitudinal observations
  • variable instrument cost
50
Q

Disadvantages of BIA:

A
  • measurement sensitive to subject conditions such as hydration and recent activity
  • instrument predictions may be population specific
51
Q

Gold standard for body comp:

A

DEXA

52
Q

DEXA stands for:

A

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

53
Q

DEXA is a ___ compartment:

A
  • 3
  • bone mineral density
  • lean soft mass
  • total and regional body fat
54
Q

DEXA uses ___ ___ ___ and is ___ _____.

A
  • low dose radiation

- non invasive

55
Q

Exclusions for DEXA:

A
  • pregnancy

- pt > 300 lbs

56
Q

How does DEXA work?

A

low radiation x-rays of 2 different photon energy levels pass through the body and are identified by a photon detector that measures the amount of energy absorbed

57
Q

ASM =

A

appendicular skeletal muscle

58
Q

Advantages of DEXA:

A
  • fast, non invasive
  • convenience and comfort, to pre-test protocol
  • direct quantification of body comp
  • values for bone density and mass
  • safe for serial measurement (low radiation)
  • regional and whole body measurements
59
Q

Disadvantages of DEXA:

A
  • height and weight restrictions
  • requires licensed technician
  • operator error
  • cannot compare data from different manufacturers’ machines
  • not mobile
  • high cost to purchase and operate
  • cannot specifically discern skeletal muscle mass and quality (like CT/MRI)
60
Q

Densitometry divides the body into ___ compartments:

A
  • 2
  • FM
  • FFM
61
Q

Densitometry measures ___ _____.

A

body volume (V)

62
Q

Densitometry uses ____ to calculate ___ _____, because density =

A
  • volume
  • body density
  • mass/volume
63
Q

2 ways to do densitometry:

A
  • hydrostatic weighing

- bod pod

64
Q

Assumptions in densitometry:

A
  • FM density = 0.901 g/ml
  • FFM density = 1.10 g/ml
  • densities of FM and FFM components (water, protein, mineral) are the same for all individuals
  • proportion of the FFM components are constant within an individual
65
Q

Hydrodensitometry:

A
  • underwater weighing

- subject exhales upon submission in tank

66
Q

In hydrodensitometry, body volume =

A

loss of weight in water

67
Q

Archimedes principles:

A
  • volume of submerged object = volume of water displaced

- weight - weight underwater = weight of water displaced

68
Q

BV (hydrodensitometry) =

A

BW - UBW

69
Q

BD (hydrodensitometry) =

A

BD = BW/BV

70
Q

Advantages of hydrodensitometry:

A
  • small error (equivalent to 2% BF)
  • Well studied
  • few safety concerns
71
Q

Disadvantages of hydrodensitometry:

A
  • operators require significant training
  • measurement is difficult - not suitable for children, elderly, disabled
  • people unwilling/unable to submerge in water
  • not mobile
  • residual volume is major source of error in density and %BF
72
Q

Bod Pod is aka…

A

air displacement plethysmography

73
Q

Bod pod estimates ____ from measured ____ ____. Subject seated in a _____ chamber.

A
  • % BF
  • body volume
  • fiberglass
74
Q

How does bod pod work?

A
  • measures body volume by air displacement
  • measures pressure changes with injection of known volume of air into closed chamber (pressure changes used to measure volume)
75
Q

Body volume (bod pod) =

A

volume of air the subject displaces inside an enclosed chamber

76
Q

Bod pod test procedures:

A
  • subject sits inside bod pod chamber for 2 x 1 minute measurements
  • bathing suit and swim cap
77
Q

Pre-test protocol for bod pod:

A
  • relaxed
  • no eating, drinking, exercise 2 h pre-test
  • void bladder
  • no moisture on body, hair, swimsuit
  • minimal or consistent facial hair
78
Q

Advantages of bod pod:

A
  • Fast, non-invasive
  • Precise, simple to operate, rapid (minimal training required)
  • Accommodates a variety of
    populations: obese, elderly, children, disabled, infirm
  • No safety concerns
  • Small error
  • Somewhat mobile, may be suitable for field testing
  • Suitable for patients up to 500 lbs, up to 7 ft tall
79
Q

Disadvantages of bod pod:

A
  • pre-test protocol
  • lung volume must be estimated if measurement is difficult
  • subject discomfort related to wearing bathing suit/tight fitting clothes, claustrophobia
  • only one commercially available system
80
Q

Only means of measuring level 4 (tissues and organs) is….

A

imaging

81
Q

Imaging estimates tissue ____ and ____.

A
  • quantity (area, volume, mass)

- quality (composition)

82
Q

Methods of imaging:

A
  • computerized tomography (CT)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • ultrasound
83
Q

CT:

A
  • x rays attenuated as they pass through tissues
  • different tissues = different density = different attenuation
  • regional values, whole body (limited)
84
Q

Advantages of CT:

A
  • greatest accuracy
  • high resolution, consistent values
  • measured comp of internal tissues and organs
  • detects regional shifts in body comp
  • instruments widely available
85
Q

Limitations of CT:

A
  • high cost, limited access
  • high radiation dose (repeated measures, special populations)
  • CT imaging research in body comp typically accesses stored images from medical records
  • requires technical skill
  • limited to subjects with BMI < 35
86
Q

MRI:

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • generates a controlled magnetic field around the subject
  • number of hydrogen nuclei of tissues is measured
  • whole body and regional measurements
87
Q

In MRI, tissues differ according to:

A
  • number of hydrogen nuclei
  • relaxation time (time to release energy)
  • process repeated to map entire body
  • estimates tissue quantity and quality
88
Q

MRI advantages:

A
  • high accuracy
  • measured comp of internal tissues and organs
  • detects regional shifts in body comp
  • no radiation (repeated measures, most populations)
  • whole body and regional analysis
89
Q

MRI limitations:

A
  • high cost, limited access

- limited to subjects with BMI < 35

90
Q

Advantages of ultrasound:

A
  • non-invasive/safe
  • widely available
  • useful for longitudinal monitoring
91
Q

Disadvantages of ultrasound:

A
  • technical skill required/protocol

- sensitive to severe altered water balance

92
Q

4 techniques of body comp and which body comp of interest for each:

A
  • BIA (FFM)
  • DEXA (FFM, lean soft tissue, ASM)
  • ultrasonography (skeletal muscle)
  • CT (skeletal muscle)
93
Q

Considerations of body comp:

A
  • does it give you the info your client wants?
  • does it measure the compartment of interest?
  • $$, convenience, portable, frequency
  • subject status (age, health, fitness, compliance)
  • control of measurement variability
94
Q

Variability in measurement could be due to:

A
  • instrument error
  • investigator error
  • biological variability (activity, intake, etc.)
95
Q

Why assess body comp?

A
  • determine health status
  • monitor changes in body comp (growth, aging, disease)
  • evaluate efficacy of treatment (eg. exercise, diet, drug interventions designed to change body comp)
96
Q

Skeletal muscle fundamental roles in human physiology:

A
  • 40-50% of the body’s mass
  • locomotion and movement
  • blood flow to organs
  • protection to vital organs
  • regulator of whole body metabolism (storage site/consumer of AA and glucose) (endocrine organ –> myokines)
97
Q

Low muscle mass can be a predictor of:

A
  • shorter survival
  • physical impairment/disability
  • greater length of hospital stay
  • need for rehab
  • post op complications
  • poor quality of life
  • tumor progression/toxicity

KIN 334 (14 decks)

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