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Anthropology Test 2 > Mesoamerica > Flashcards

Mesoamerica Flashcards

1
Q

Mesoamerica accounted for what countries?

A

Southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

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2
Q

domestication in mesoamerica was based on what?

A

plants

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3
Q

the 3 sisters are what?

A

corn, beans and squash

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4
Q

corn does what to the soil it grows in?

A

takes nitrogen out

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5
Q

beans do what to the soil they grow in?

A

cycle nitrogen back into it

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6
Q

squash grow where?

A

along the bottom of corn plants

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7
Q

the earliest domesticated plant in mesoamerica is what?

A

squash- 8000-6300BC

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8
Q

where was squash domesticated?

A

Oaxaca Mexico

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9
Q

what plant was likely domesticated at the same time as corn?

A

beans- around 8000BC

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10
Q

what amino acid do beans provide that isn’t found in corn?

A

lysine

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11
Q

where were bean domesticated?

A

in mesoamerica and the andes

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12
Q

maize descended from what plant?

A

teosinte

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13
Q

what type of plant is teosinte?

A

a grass

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14
Q

what time is teosinte dated back to?

A

7000BC

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15
Q

where and when were the earliest maize cobs found?

A

in Guila Naquitz Cave, Mexico- 4200BC

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16
Q

with the domestication of maize, what qualities did it gain or lose from teosinte?

A

-husks shrunk and became enclosures for the ears of corn
-became less grass like
-not as easy to harvest as teosinte

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17
Q

what are some qualities of the teosinte plant?

A

brittle rachis, thickly enclosed seeds that are hard to digest, they’re found in middens

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18
Q

why are dogs significant when talking about domestication?

A

they are the only animal domesticated in both the old world & the americas

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19
Q

when did turkeys become domesticated?

A

275AD; they spread from S. America in 300BC

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20
Q

when was chocolate domesticated?

A

at least 2000BC

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21
Q

how was chocolate first consumed?

A

in liquid form

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22
Q

were there any beasts of burden in mesoamerica?

A

no

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23
Q

what plants and animals were domesticated in the Andes?

A

beans, quinoa, potatoes, cotton, corn, llamas, alpacas and guinea pigs

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24
Q

what is a sure fire way of telling a plant which is domesticated from a wild plant?

A

it has a thinner seed coat than a wild plant

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25
Q

what 4 plants/crops were domesticated around the same time in the Andes?

A

beans, quinoa, potatoes and cotton

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26
Q

when was corn domesticated in the andes?

A

6000-4800BC

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27
Q

where in south america were beans and quinoa domesticated?

A

-BEANS- Guitarrero cave, Peru
-QUINOA- Panaulauca cave, Peru

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28
Q

what crop was not indigenous to the Andes?

A

corn; it was brought to mesoamerica

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29
Q

what evidence was found to prove the domestication of potatoes?

A

phytoliths & tubers

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30
Q

a plant with a large tuber is more likely to what?

A

be domesticated

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31
Q

which were used for transport: Llamas or Alpacas?

A

Llamas; they were also raised for meat

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32
Q

Alpacas were used for?

A

wool and meat

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33
Q

why is there no evidence of the domestication of alpacas & Llamas?

A

they were likely domesticated by mobile hunter gatherers who left no evidence behind at sites

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34
Q

domestication in the American SW took place during what time period?

A

the late Archaic in New Mexico & SW Americas- 2100BC

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35
Q

domestication in SW America was a movement of what?

A

Ideas, not people

36
Q

how did the people of the SW change with the introduction of maize & squash?

A

some became more sedentary

37
Q

how did maize & squash move around the americas?

A

through trade

38
Q

Terraces were formed to aid in agriculture in low return areas like?

A

Cerro Juanaquena, Mexico

39
Q

when did agriculture become prominent in Mexico?

A

after 1500BC

40
Q

define optimal foraging theory

A

assumes human act on the basis of self interest to maximize efficiency in collecting/processing resources

41
Q

optimal foraging theory explained what about the distribution and uptake of maize agriculture?

A

people made decisions to grow or not to grow maize based on their landscape productivity and returns

42
Q

what is an example of the optimal foraging theory applied to the domestication of the SW Americas?

A

Rio Casas Grande Region had high return rate VS. Jornada Region which had a low return rate do to heavy rainfall and prioritization of other crops.

43
Q

Basketmaker III overlaps with the introduction of what plant?

A

beans

44
Q

what style of housing was common during the BMIII?

A

pit houses; as little as 1-2 were found with as many as 25-35 per site also being found–a village could have upwards of 60 houses

45
Q

what are the 4 cultures found during the domesticated of the American SW?

A

pueblo, chaco, hohokam, mongollon

46
Q

ancestral peublo period was during what time?

A

750-900AD around the 4 corners

47
Q

the 4 corners were considered where what 4 states met?

A

utah, arizona, New Mexico and colorado

48
Q

round pithouses used for ceremonial associations were called what?

A

kivas

49
Q

pueblos are what style of house?

A

contiguous

50
Q

when did pueblos become the norm in terms of dwelling style?

A

after 900AD

51
Q

what type of agriculture did the Pueblo period exhibit?

A

organized agriculture through irrigation (using floodwater and dams)

52
Q

what style of pottery did the Pueblo period have?

A

black on white

53
Q

social stratification was first seen where?

A

McPhee village, 2 large u shaped masonry rooms were found proving the existence of large surpluses

54
Q

large surpluses meant what for a civilization?

A

there would be redistribution of resources, they would feast, have ceremonies and it would help maintain social status

55
Q

Chaco canyon is famous for what?

A

a massive road system leading to outliers

56
Q

what time period was chaco culture?

A

900-1220AD

57
Q

houses used for ritual activity were called what?

A

great houses

58
Q

Pueblo Benito is?

A

a d-shaped 600 room structure surrounding courts, which contain kivas

59
Q

how many people could Pueblo Benito hold?

A

at least 1000

60
Q

Hohokam culture is during what time?

A

500-1450AD in Arizona

61
Q

what is Hohokam culture known for?

A

-complex trading
-gathering
-irrigation
-single dwelling houses dug in the ground
-planted corn, beans, squash and cotton

62
Q

Mongollon culture occurred when?

A

300-1000BC

63
Q

what is Mongollon culture known for?

A

-small villages of pit houses
-digging sticks, bows and arrows
-baskets
-red on brown pottery
-agriculture was dependent on rain

64
Q

domestication of eastern N. America initially took place when?

A

during the early archaic period- 3000BC

65
Q

what type of domestication occurred in N. America?

A

indigenous

66
Q

what was domesticated in N. America?

A

squash, sunflower, marsh elder, lambs quarter and pigweed

67
Q

what happened during the domestication of N. America to the diet of people?

A

their subsistence was narrowed, especially regarding shellfish

68
Q

squash, sunflower, marsh elder, lambs quarter and pigweed were domesticated where?

A

N. America

69
Q

Poverty Point is known for what?

A

6 concentric (circular) embankments (0.65km radius) which showed the presence of a large labour force

70
Q

Poverty point was built when?

A

during the late archaic period- 1750BC

71
Q

people who lived at poverty point didn’t rely on what?

A

domesticates; they were great foragers and had access to great land & wild animals. they also traded with other societies

72
Q

Mound A at Poverty Point is how big & looks like what?

A

21m high; looks like a bird

73
Q

the woodland period consisted of what two cultures?

A

-Adena (early)
-Hopewell (middle)

74
Q

the woodland period took place when?

A

1000BC-400AD in Ohio River Valley

75
Q

the woodland period was known for what?

A

mound building-circle, square, octogon, serpent

76
Q

what are trademarks of the woodland period?

A

-beginning of agriculture intensification
-first minor appearance of maize
-small, dispersed settlements
-elaborate burials
-extensive trade
-had enough of a surplus that people could develop crafts/skills

77
Q

the Ohio Hopewell Interaction Sphere is what?

A

a trade network in eastern N. America during the mid woodland period; groups shared many aspects of culture

78
Q

domestication in E. North America really took place when?

A

400AD- beginning of late woodland

79
Q

what are some trademarks of the domestication in North America?

A

-intensive maize culture
-large villages
-maize wasn’t yet a staple of people’s diet yet

80
Q

what test was done to determine how prevalent maize was in North America around the time of domestication?

A

isotope analysis

81
Q

Mississippian culture took place when?

A

1050AD

82
Q

what are some trademarks of Mississippian culture?

A

**Chief-dom society
-prestige goods trade
-adoption of maize
-small villages surrounding large admin centers
-no writing

83
Q

what is a famous site associated with Mississippian culture?

A

Cahokia- 1050AD- Illinois

84
Q

what about Cahokia was significant?

A

-largest admin center-100 mounds
-largest pyramid north of Mexico
-largest population in N. America before the 19th century

85
Q

sub mound 51 at Cahokia is what shape?

A

oval

86
Q

mound 72 at Cahokia looks like what?

A

mound with a ridge on top

87
Q

the population of Cahokia was the largest before the turn of the 19th century, what did that mean for the people in terms of structure?

A

they likely had elite members who controlled surpluses, feasting and establishing social status

Anthropology Test 2 (15 decks)

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