Humans In Siberia Flashcards
what biological evidence do we have that tells us the first people to reach America were from Siberia?
mtDNa and Y-chromosome DNA
Southern Siberia was occupied first when?
45,000cal BC
Northeastern Siberia was first occupied when?
30,000BP
what was the weather like during this time?
harsh dry winters and short hot summers
what 3 sites were the first settlements in Siberia?
-Bering Strait
-Dyuktai
-Ushki Lake
what is the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis and what does it say about the colonization of America?
a theory that for 8,000 years Ancient Siberian populations were isolated during the last glacial max, but are the sole ancestral population of all native americans
when did Siberians reach Alaska?
by 25,000 cal BP
when did some Siberian populations migrate east to the Americas?
19,000cal BC, when the climate began to rebound from the last glacial max
when did the split between North East Asians and the first peoples of America happen?
20-25,000ya
where is the Bering Strait located?
Between the Arctic and Pacific ocean, (Alaska and Russia)
Dyuktai, a site in East Siberia is said to be how old and what was found there?
-14,000cal BC
-wedge shaped cores similar to those found during the Denali Complex
what is the Denali Complex?
a type of tool tradition found in Alaska but originated in Siberia, that featured sharp microblades, burins and wedge shaped lithic cores
Ushki Lake, a site in Siberia is said to be how old and what was found there?
-11,300cal BP
-small, finely stemmed bifacial flaked spear points similar to those found during the Nenana Complex
what is the Nenana Complex?
a tool tradition found in Siberia, thought to be 11,000 years old. **known for bifacially flaked, unfluted spear points
what are the 2 migration routes believed to have brought Siberians to NA?
-European Origin- Alantic Maritime Route
-Siberian Origin- from Beringia–when the land bridge connected Asia & NA at times of low sea level
what is the Beringia landbridge?
a land bridge that connected Asia & NA at times of low sea level 35,000-11,000ya.
**part of the mammoth steppe
what are the two migration theories stemming from the Siberian origin?
-Ice free corridor
-Coastal migration
describe the Ice free corridor
migration route that ran between ice sheets, emerging from Beringia
**was not completely open until after 11,000cal BC
describe the theory of coastal migration
humans migrated into the Americas along the pacific coast
what was the official name of the ice free corridor and when did it fully open up?
-Mckenzie corridor
-opened by 11,500BC
when did the route along the Pacific coast open up?
approx 15,000ya
what is the shared trait of natives of North East Asia that suggests they are direct descendants of Siberians?
shovel shaped incisors
what are the types of mtDNA found in all NE Asians around Lake Baikal in southern Siberia?
A,B,C, D and X
what other type of genetic evidence supports the hypothesis that natives of NE Asia are descendants of Siberians?
y-chromosomes- there are 2 specific mutations they share in common
what two sites support the theory of coastal migration?
-Triquet Island- Heiltsuk FN-14,000ya
-Monte Verde, Chile- as early as 18,500BP
**strong carbon dating: 14,600-12,500BP
what was found at the Monte Verde site?
-huts made of organic material
-100s of stone artifacts
what did the site of Monte Verde prove?
Clovis people were not the earliest occupants of America
what was found at the Clovis, NM site?
**clovis spear points–they were fluted
-blades, multifunctional flakes
-hearths
-bone shafts
Clovis supported what migrational theory?
Ice Free corridor
when was it believed that the Clovis site was occupied?
between 13,200 and 10,000ya
when did the megafauna extinction take place in the Americas?
13,500-12,900ya
how many species of animals died during the megafauna extinction in the Americas?
34 ganera
what did the megafauna extinction in the Americas tell archaeologists?
-showed they didn’t drive themselves into extinction
-likely a result of overhunting & climate changes
-humans hunted 1 or 2 at a time
-spear points were found- close range hunting
what followed Clovis culture?
Folsom- Folsom, NM
**found projectile points and bison remains
