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Psychology (year 2) > Mental Health- The Medical Model > Flashcards

Mental Health- The Medical Model Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Explanations

What does somatogenic mean?

A

Originating in the cells of the body: of organic, rather than of mental origin

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2
Q

Biological Explanations

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers in the body

e.g. dopamine

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3
Q

Biological Explanations

What are neurons?

A

Brain cells that send electrical signals

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4
Q

Biological Explanations

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between the neurones overwhich neurotransmitters must pass

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5
Q

Biochemical Explanations

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

The theory states that schizophrenia occurs due to an excess of dopamine in the brain (in the limbic system)

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6
Q

Biochemical Explanations

What does the new version of the dopamine hypothesis state?

A

There is an excess of dopamine (D2) receptors on the postsynaptic neurons

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7
Q

Biochemical Explanations

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Extra/ added symptoms in the mesolimbic system (not usually observed)

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8
Q

Biochemical Explanations

What are negative symptoms?

A

Missing behaviours and symptoms in the mesocortical system (not usually observed)

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9
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Associated with behaviour control- damaged= less self-control, impaired emotional processing

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10
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Responsible for processing emotion and stress responses- made up of various structures

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11
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What is the function of amygdala?

A

Responsible for feelings of fear and also stores emotional memory

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12
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Navigational memory- processing memory as a whole

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13
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What role does the amygdala have in depression?

A

Depression is caused by activity in this region- antidepressants reduced it

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14
Q

Brain Abnormality Explanation

What role does the hippocampus have in depression?

A

The area is significantly smaller in volume in those who suffer with depression- severe symptoms= smaller volume

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15
Q

Genetic Explanation

What does proband mean?

A

A person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of the family

Usually person with MH disorder

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16
Q

Genetic Explanation

What do the family studies involve when conducting genetic explanations?

A
  • Comparing the proband to a family member
  • Compare behaviours of each family member to see if DNA % increases the likelihood of similar behaviours
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17
Q

Genetic Explanation

What do the twin studies involve when investigating genetic explanations?

A
  • Both twins presumed to share same environment
  • if mental health is genetic then both twins should have condition
18
Q

Genetic Explanation

What is the difference between monozygotic (MZ) twins and dizygotic (DZ) twins?

A
  • Monozygotic- 100% shared DNA (same egg and sperm)
  • Dizygotic- 50% shared DNA (2 eggs/ 2 sperm cells)
19
Q

Genetic Explanation

What are the adoptive studies when investigating the genetic explanations?

A
  • Compare proband to adoptive parents and bioological parents to see a difference
  • if MH is genetic there should be no correlation
20
Q

Genetic Explanation

What is the role of the family studies in regards to schizophrenia?

A
  • No parents diagnosed= 1% general risk
  • One parent diagnosed= 7%
21
Q

Genetic Explanation

What is the role of the twin studies in regards to schizophrenia?

A

Both twins develop SZ depending on shared level of DNA
* MZ- 46%-53% if twin has SZ
* DZ- 15% if twin has SZ

22
Q

Genetic Explanation

What is the role of the adoptive studies in regards to schizophrenia?

A

Finnish Adoptive Study by Tienari
* Lifetime risk is 9.4% if biological mother had SZ
* Lifetime risk is 1.2% if biological mother did not have SZ

23
Q

Gottesman

What was the aim of the research, given he focused on genetics of offspring?

A

To investigate the likelihood of offspring being diagnosed with SZ, bipolar etc, if one or both parents have previously been diagnosed

24
Q

Gottesman

What method was used, in terms of data too?

A
  • Correlational anaylsis
  • Using secondary data
25
Q

Gottesman

Where did the sample (the secondary data) come from?

A
  • The Danish Civil Registration- all chosen were born from 1968-1997
  • The Danish Psychiatric Central Register- psychiatric admissions between 1970-2007
  • Total= 3.4 million from Denmark
26
Q

Gottesman

How was the study carried out (procedure)?

A
  • Data on the offspring linked with parents’ psychiatric history
27
Q

Gottesman

Which registration was used to establish who their parents were?

A

The Danish Civil Registration, then the Psychiatric registartion was checked to see if they were there

28
Q

Gottesman

What did researchers identify once they were on psychiatric registration?

A

Any person with schizophrenia

29
Q

Gottesman- Results

Which offspring was at a 27.3% chance of being diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A

If both parents had previously been diagnosed with schizophrenia

30
Q

Gottesman- results

What was the risk for offspring with one parent diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A

7%

31
Q

Gottesman- results

What is the risk for offspring if neither parent has any diagnosis?

A

1%

32
Q

Gottesman- results

What was the risk for offspring who had one parent diagnosed with SZ and one diagnosed with bipolar disorder?

A

15%

33
Q

Gottesman- conclusions

What was concluded if both parents have mentsl illnesses?

A

Significantly greater risk of offspring developing mental illness

34
Q

Gottesman- conclusions

Why do the risks support the genetic explanation for mental illness?

A

it supports that mental health can be genetically transferred/ inherited

35
Q

Gottesman- conclusions

Why is it important to consider how the relationship is not 100%?

A

There is still environmental impact

36
Q

Gottesman- conclusions

Why are the results useful?

A
  • Offspring are more likely to investigate
  • Parents can seek genetic councelling
37
Q

Biological Treatment

Which biological explanation does elecroconvulsive therapy rely on?

A

Brain Abnormality

38
Q

Biological Treatment

How does ECT work?

A

Research suggests that electric current changes the activity of neurotransmitters

e.g. dopamine and serotonin

39
Q

Biological Treatment

What are the two types of ECT?

A
  • Bilateral- two electrodes attached to both temples
  • Unilateral- one elctrode attached to one temple (not as effective, used less in UK)
40
Q

Biological Treatment

How is ECT administered?

A
  • patient anaesthetised (prevent physical injury)
  • small amounts (0.6v) of electric current passed through brain at 0.5 a second
  • treatment for 3-4 weeks
41
Q

Biological Treatment

Why is ECT useful?

A
  • Found to reduce depression for those who can’t wait/ have serious symtpoms
42
Q

Biological Treatment

What are the side effects of ECT?

A
  • headache
  • muscle ache
  • dizziness
  • distress
  • memory loss

Psychology (year 2) (14 decks)

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