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Psychology (year 2) > Core Study 18- Casey (B) > Flashcards

Core Study 18- Casey (B) Flashcards

Delay of gratification

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1
Q

Background

What is gratification?

A

Pleasure following the satisfaction of a desire

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2
Q

Background

What did Mischel et all suggest about ‘cool’ and ‘hot’ patterns of thought?

A

They each have their own neurocognitive system

(They are found in different regions of the brain, hence why brain imaging can support his findings)

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3
Q

Background

What is a cool system and where in the brain is it?

A

Cognitive control (cold) behaviours have been found within the pre-frontal cortex- they help to delay gratification

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4
Q

Background

What is a hot system and where in the brain is it?

A

Emotional (hot) behaviours have been found within the limbic system - these drive us towards immediate gratification

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5
Q

Background

What famous test did Mischel conduct, which could be argued as a kore accurate representation of immediate gratification?

A

The marshmallow test- investigated whether children could delay gratification by recieving a second marshmallow if they were able to resist

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6
Q

Aim

What did Casey want to predict in his investigation?

A

(To investigate) whether delay of gratification in childhood accurately predicts impulse control absilities and sensitivity to alluring or social cues as an adult

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7
Q

Key Term

What is a high delayer?

A

An individual who can use cooling to resist gratifications for a greater length of time

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8
Q

Key Term

What is a low delayer?

A

An individual who gives in to hot temptation and gratification faster

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9
Q

Key Term

What is an fMRI?

A

A brain scanning technique that shows brain activity (blood flow levels) rather than just physical strcutures

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10
Q

Method

What is the IV?

A

Whether the participant was a high delayer or a low delayer

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11
Q

Method

What is the DV?

A
  • Performance times on the impulse controls task in experiment 1
  • Imaging results using fMRI scanning technology in experiment 2
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12
Q

Method

What design was used?

A

Repeated measures

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13
Q

Method

Was the study snapshot or longitudinal?

A

Longitudinal- some participants were followed until age 40

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14
Q

Sample

Where were the children in the sample from and how many were there in total at the start?

How old were they?

A

Stanford’s Bing nursery school- 562

4

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15
Q

Sample

What did the children in the first sample do in the 60’s and 70’s at age 4?

A

A delay of gratification task

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16
Q

Sample

How many participants where in experiment 1?

A

59

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17
Q

Sample

How many high delayers were in experiment 1?

How many male how many female?

A

32

12 male, 20 female

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18
Q

Sample

How many low delayers were in experiment 1?

How many males how many females?

A

27

11 male, 16 female

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19
Q

Sample

How many males and females were in experiment 1 altogether?

A

23 males and 36

20
Q

Sample

How many participants took part in experiment 2?

A

27

26 in the end- one man was excluded due to poor performnance

21
Q

Sample

How many high delayers were in experiment 2?

How many males how many females?

A

15

5 males, 10 females

22
Q

Sample

How many low delayers were in experiment 2?

How many males how many females?

A

11

7 males, 4 females

23
Q

Sample

How many males and females were in expeirment 2?

A

13 males, 14 females

24
Q

Procedure- Experiment 1

Why can experiment 1 be considered ethical?

A

They gave consent before taking part in the study

25
Q

Procedure- Experiment 1

Why could experiment 1 be deemed as a field experiment?

A

It took place in participants’ own homes

26
Q

Procedure

What was the ‘cool’ version of the go/no go task?

A
  • P’s presented with male and female faces with neutral emotional expressions
  • One sex was assigned go (hit button), other sex was assigned no go (don’t hit button)

Same as hot except facial expressions

27
Q

Procedure

What was the ‘hot’ version of the go/no go task?

A
  • P’s presented with male and female faces with happy emotional expressions
  • One sex assigned go (hit button), other sex assigned no go (don’t hit button)

Same as cold except facial expressions

28
Q

Procedure- Experiment 1

How long did the faces appear to participants for, and how long was the interval between faces?

A
  • Faces appeared for 1/2 a second
  • 1 second interval between faces
29
Q

Procedure- Experiment 1

How many faces in total did participants see?

A

160- (randomised order)

30
Q

Procedure- Experiment 2

What device were p’s scanned with whilst completing go/no go task?

A

fMRI scanner (shows blood flow levels)

31
Q

Procedure- Experiment 2

Which version of the go/no go task did p’s complete in this experiment?

A

the HOT version

32
Q

Procedure- Experiment 2

How many faces were p’s shown?

A

48

33
Q

Procedure- Experiment 2

How long were faces shown for and how long was the interval between faces?

A
  • Faces shown for 1/2 a second
  • Interval of 2-14.5 seconds between faces
34
Q

Results- Experiment 1

What percentage of accuracy did the high delayers achieve in the go/no go task?

A

99.8% correct

35
Q

Results- Experiment 1

What percentage of accuracy did the low delayers achieve in the go/no go task?

A

99.5% correct

36
Q

Results- Experiment 1

Which group performed slightly worse in the no go trials (hot version)?

A

Low delayers?

37
Q

Results- Experiment 2

Which part of the brain was shown to be less active in low delayers in no go trials?

A

Right frontal gyrus

38
Q

Results- Experiment 2

Which part of the brain did low delayers have higher activity in?

Go or no go?

A

Ventral Striatum

No go trials

39
Q

Conclusions

Which region of the brain is responsible for impulse control?

A

Right frontal gyrus

40
Q

Conclusions

Which region of the brain is responsible for gratification processes?

A

Ventral Striatum

41
Q

Conclusions

What was concluded about individuals who had difficulties dekaying gratification as a child (4 years old)?

Which side of the Nature v Nurture debate dies this fall under?

A

They’ll continue to show reduced self control in adulthood

Nature

42
Q

GREEDUM

How can reliability be argued as a strength?

A

Standardised procedure in exp 2- fMRI scanner measured brain activity

43
Q

GREEDUM

How can generalisability be argued as a weakness?

A

59 p’s who took part in exp 1 were all previously tested for gratification delaying ability

All attended Stanford Uni nursery- where they completed marshmallow task

44
Q

GREEDUM

How can data be argued as a strength?

A

High delayers were 99.8% accurate in exp 1- quantitative data allows direct comparisons

45
Q

GREEDUM

How can the method be argued as a weakness?

A

High/ low delayer status was naturally occurring and recorded from previous participation in marshmallow task at SUN

SUN= Stanford Uni Nursery

Psychology (year 2) (13 decks)

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