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Psychology (year 2) > Mental Health- Historical > Flashcards

Mental Health- Historical Flashcards

Section A Paper 3

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1
Q

Historical

What treatment was used from 460-377 BC?
* What mental illness?
* What was the belief about the cause?
* What did treatment involve?
* How did treatment work?

A

Bloodletting
* Any mental illness
* Hippocrates- caused by humour imbalance
* Let out blood to rebalance 4 humours
* Made 4 humours balanced- let blood drain out

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2
Q

Historical

What treatment was used between 65000BC and the Middle Ages?
* What mental illness?
* What was the belief about the cause?
* What did treatment involve?
* How did treatment work?

A

Trepanning
* All
* Devils, demons and spirits
* 2 holes in scull, release demons by destroying part of the brain
* Demons are released through hole

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3
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

A person is abnormal if they don’t act the same as everyone else

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4
Q

Historical

What is the definition of abnormal?

A

Atypical/ not fitting the usual norms in society

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5
Q

Historical- Classification of diseases

What is the ICD-11?

A

An international standard diagnostic classification published by the World Health Organisation- main system outside of the US- Chapter V relevant for behavioural disorders

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6
Q

Historical- Classification of diseases

What is the DSM-5?

A

The classification of the American Psychiatric Association- main classification system in the US

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7
Q

Historical- Classification of diseases

Which section of the DSM-5 applies to clinical disorders?

A

Section 2

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8
Q

Historical- Classification of diseases

Give three main categories of disorder in the DSM-5?

A
  • Depressive disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
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9
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

What was the aim of Rosenhan’s research?

A

To investigate if a group of sane people could be falsely diagnosed and admitted to psychiatric hospitals

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10
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

What was the sample used, in terms of both confederates and actual participants, as in hospital staff?

A
  • 8 confederates (5m, 3f) who acted as pseudo patients
  • Hospital staff from across 12 different psychiatric hospitals across 5 states in 1960’s America (didn’t know about experiment)
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11
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

What research method and design was used?

A
  • Participant observation- pseudo patients are taking part
  • Naturalistic observation- participants’ natural environment (NOT FIELD EXP- no DV manipulation)
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12
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

Describe the pseudo patients.

A
  • Gave false names
  • Gave false occupations
  • Gave false symptoms
  • Gave real life histories
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13
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

When the pseudo patient arrives at the hospital, what voices did they claim to hear?

A
  • “empty”
  • “hollow”
  • “thud”
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14
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

What did pseudo patients do once on the ward?

What were they told they’d have to do by themselves?

A
  • Took part in ward activities
  • Said they were fine when asked how they were feeling- no longer experienced symptoms

Have to get out on their own devices (discharge through concincing staff they’re better)

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15
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

Why did pseudo patients not care about the fact they were taking notes in the open not in secret?

A

Staff will have thought it was nothing due to diagnosis label

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16
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)

In how many hospitals did the pseudo patients carry out an observation on behaviour of staff towards patients?

A

4

17
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)- Results

How many patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia and how many manic-depression?

Why is there an issue with the manic-depression diagnosis?

A

11 schizophrenia, 1 manic-depression (some of the 8 patients were admitted more than once)

Highlights how there is an issue with diagnosis methods as all were posing as schizophrenia

18
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)- Results

How did the nurses report the pseudo’s behaviour?

A
  • Reported as showing ‘no abnormal indications’, but interpreted data in context of their diagnosis
19
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)- Results

What 2 words did Rosenhan use to describe the hospitalisation of the pseudo patients?

A
  • “depersonalisation”
  • “powerlessness”
20
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)- Results

Why were the experiences noted to be unethical?

A
  • Medical records were open for anyone to read
  • Toilets have no doors
  • Staff would be brutal to other patients in full view of others
21
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 1)- Results

Whst type of error was Experiment 1?

A

1

22
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)

What was the aim of Exp 2’s research?

A

To investigate if the overcautious diagnosis in study 1 would be impacted by the knowledge of mistaken diagnosis

23
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)

What was the sample for this part of the research?

A

The staff in just one of the 12 hospitals- they were told last studies results and struggled to believe it

24
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)

What research method was used to collect quantitative data?

A

Questionnaire

25
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)

What were the staff told regarding admission of pseudo patients?

A

They’d admit one or more pseudo patients in next three months

26
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)

Were the newly admitted patients pseudo patients or real patients?

A

Atcual patients with real mental health disorders

Deception- Unethical!

27
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)- Results

How many patients did the staff incorrectly rate as sane?

A

83/ 193

Type 2 error- false negative

28
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)- Results

How much of the regular intake of patients were judged to be pseudo?

Which reliability does this reduce?

A

10% of regular patient intake- judged by psychiatrist and another staff member

Inter-rater

29
Q

Historical- Rosenhan (Exp 2)- Results

What kind of error was experiment 2?

A

Type 2 error

30
Q

Historical- Rosenhan

What did Rosenhan’s work conclude about psychiatrists and diagnosis?

A

They cannot reliably tell the difference between those who are sane and those who aren’t

31
Q

Historical- Rosenhan

What did the first experiment illustrate as opposed to the second?

A
  1. Failure to detect sanity
  2. Failure to detect insanity
32
Q

Historical- Rosenhan

What did Rosenhan conclude about the labelling of ‘insane’?

A

Once it has been given, all behaviour is contextualised in light of the label- leads to powerlessness and depersonalisation

33
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

What’s the definition of an affective disorder?

A

Category of mental health which focuses on abnormal behaviours regarding emotional control

Mood disorders

34
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

According to the DSM-5, give three symptoms that must/ may be present to diagnose depression.

A
  • Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
  • Disinterest/ reduced pleasure in all or almost all daily activities, nearly every day
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day/ night
35
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

What is the definition of an anxiety disorder?

A

Category of mental illness that causes constant or sudden feelings of fear, restlessness and worry

36
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

According to the DSM-5, give three symptoms that must/ may be present to diagnose phobias.

A
  • Persistent fear that is unreasonable, cued by the presence of a certain object/ situation
  • The phobic situation is avoided, or else endured with inence anxiety and distress
  • The patient knows that the fear is excessive/ unreasonable (may be absent in children)
37
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

What is the definition of psychotic disorders?

A

A group of serious illnesses that affect the mind- make it hard for someone to make a judgement or think clearly

38
Q

Characteristics of Disorders

According to the DSM-5, give three symptoms that must/ may be present to diagnose a psychotic disorder.

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations (visual and/ or auditory)
  • Disorganised or unresponsive behaviour
    Disturbance must persist for six months with no other causes e.g. substances

Psychology (year 2) (14 decks)

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