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BPK 140 > Mental Health > Flashcards

Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

How common are mental disorders

A

Global: 1 in 4 people experience mental disorders

Canada: 1 in 5 people experience mental disorders

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2
Q

Mental Wellness

A

Our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges.

  • Emotional health: feelings, moods
  • Psychological health: Thoughts
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3
Q

The Maslow Pyramid

A

Abrham Maslow described a new ideal of mental health that encouraged individuals to fulfill their potential

Defined a hierarchy of need:

  1. Physiological needs: Basic needs such as food, water, shelter, sleep
  2. Safety: Personal safety, financial safety, safety against illnesses/accidents
  3. Being Loved: Emotional relationships (friends, family, romantic partner)
  4. Self-Esteem: Desire to be valued and accepted by others
  5. Self-Actualization: Living life to the fullest
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4
Q

Qualities of Mentally Healthy Individuals

A
  • Values themselves
  • Maintains close relationships
  • Accepts limitations
  • Pursues work that suits talents
  • perceives relities as it is
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5
Q

Psychological Disorders

A

A mental disorder is a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour

  • thoughts or feelings that cause significant distress or impairment
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6
Q

Statistics on Mental Health Disorders in Canada

A
  • 1 in 5 Canadians face Mental Health Issues
  • 1 in 2 people have never seen a doctor about this problem
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7
Q

Categories of Mental Health Disorders in Canada

A
  1. Anxiety and Phobic disorders (12%)
  2. Depressive and Bipolar (mood) disorders
  3. Panic Disorders (2%)
  4. Psychotic disorders (Schizophrenia) (~1%)
  5. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (~2%)
  6. Suicide (~4000 yearly)
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8
Q

General Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic, irrational worry about daily events (work, school, finances, etc.)

Symptoms: Agitation, Fatigue, Sadness, Depression, Nausea

Treatments: Therapy, Antidepressants

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9
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Components of recurring thoughts or actions that greatly affect someone’s life.

May consist of:

  • Obsessions (cleanliness)
  • Compulsions (Must clean)
  • Rituals (Lysol in diagonal motion)

Treatments: Antidepressants, CBT (Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy)

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10
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent panic attacks without warning

Panic attack: Severe response for no particular reason

Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness

Treatments: Anti-Anxiety Drugs, CBT (Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy)

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11
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Type of panic disorder that involves individual avoiding social situations (Ex. Riding bus) due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to access medical aid

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12
Q

Phobias

A

Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Social phobias: Fear of social situations (public speaking)

Specific phobias: Spiders, Heights, Sea

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13
Q

Depressive (Mood) Disorder

A

Disorder that involves persistent feelings of sadness and lack of interest or pleasure in life

Depressive symptoms:

  • Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, exterme guilt
  • Disturbed sleep; change in eating patterns
  • Fatigue
  • Anhedonia: Loss of enjoyment of usual activities
  • Suicidal thoughts
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14
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Mood swings; Recurrent episodes of disturbance in mood

  • Periods of depression followed by Mania

Mania: Extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep; grandiosity

Treatments: CBT, Tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, ECT (electric shock therapy)

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15
Q

From a nerve cell perspective, what causes psychological disorders?

A

Serotonin and neopinepherine: neurotransmitters that alter the responsiveness of the brain and are responsible for mood, level of attentiveness, and other psychological states.

Many psychological disorders are related to poblems with these neurotransmitters and their receptors

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16
Q

Schizophrenia (Psychotic disorder)

A

A disorder that profoundly impairs one’s sense of reality.

  • Genetics is a factor

Social isolation, drug use, traumatic event(s) may exacerbate/accelerate progression

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17
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive (symptoms present that should be absent):

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized speech
  • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour

Negative (Symptoms absent that should be absent) :

  • Negative symptoms (lack of motivations, depression, etc.
18
Q

Types of Therapists

A

Psychiatrist: M.D; Can prescribe drugs

Psychologists: advanced degree in psychology; can offer behavioural therapy but not drugs

Social workers: Trained in counselling; usually licensed and registered

Counsellors: Various kinds; often no specialized training or licensing required

19
Q

CBT Cognitive behavioural Therapy

A

The therapy is typically short-term and focused on helping clients change negative thoughts and actions into positive ones.

  • commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders, including phobias, addiction, depression, and anxiety.
20
Q

Antidepressants

A

used to treat depression, also effective for other conditions like anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and sometimes eating disorders.

  • work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain, which are involved in mood regulation.
21
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

primarily to treat bipolar disorder, helping to stabilize mood and prevent the extremes of mania and depression.

22
Q

Antipsychotics

A

These medications are used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and sometimes bipolar disorder or severe depression.

23
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Used to treat anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and sometimes insomnia

24
Q

Stimulants

A

Used primarily to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain sleep disorders like narcolepsy.

Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy by enhancing the effects of certain neurotransmitters in the brain such as dopamine and norepinephrine.

25
Q

Suicide

A

Second leading cause of death in Canada

3x more likely in men, 6x more likely in Indigenous youth

26
Q

Tips for engaging with people considering suicide

A
  • Listen without judgement
  • Ask direct questions
  • Show love and care
  • Do not leave them alone
  • Make plans for the next day
  • Recommend counselling
27
Q

Stress

A

Any situation that disrupts homeostasis

Homeostasis: state of dynamic equilibrium

28
Q

Stressors

A

Shift our body away from homeostasis

29
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

How our body responds to stress

30
Q

Eustress

A

A positive stress and promotes high-level functioning

31
Q

Distress

A

Negative stress and decreases performance

32
Q

Fight or Flight response

A

The “fight or flight” response is an acute stress response triggered by the sympathetic nervous system when an individual perceives a threat or significant stressor. This reaction prepares the body to either fight the threat or flee from it.

Key physiological changes:

  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Hyperventilation
  • Dilation of pupils
  • Sweating
33
Q

Result of having no stress

A

People would not be getting up in the morning, would not be eating, would not have enough arousal to respond to daily life

  • This is why some stress is good; eustress (positive stress)
34
Q

Excess stress

A

Once that positive stress reaches a tipping point, it is called distress.

  • This stress has a negative affect on your wellbeing
35
Q

Chronic stress

A

consistently high levels of cortisol (stress hormone); affects immune systems.

  • decreased white blood cells
  • decreased lymphocytes
  • Increased inflammation
  • Increased sereactive protein; risk to cardiovascular disease
36
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

field that studies the interactions between the psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system.

  • explores how the brain and behavior influence the body’s immune response and how the immune system in turn can affect the brain and emotional health.
37
Q

Stress link

A

Strong link between stress and physical and psycholgical disorders

38
Q

Sleep

A

Adults need 7-9 hours of sleep

Sleep is an active and dynamic state; individuals cycle between REM (dreaming) and non- REM states several times per night

REM: Rapid eye motion

Every REM stage increases cortisol levels, if we are not going through sleep cycles properly, then cortisol levels are not regulated properly

39
Q

What is sleep important for

A
  1. Clearing the brain of wastes
  2. Learning and Memory
  3. proper Immune function
40
Q

Ways to minimize stress

A
  1. Ensure you have a good support system
  2. Improve communication skills
  3. Be kind and nurturing to others
  4. Develop healthy exercise, eating and sleeping habits
  5. Develop healthy coping techniques (meditation, music)
  6. Learn to identify stressors, how to moderate them, and how to develop resilience
41
Q

Avoid unhealthy coping mechanisms

A

Although they provide imediate relief and relaxation, the long term affects are problematic

Ex. Drugs and alcohol

BPK 140 (14 decks)

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