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BPK 140 > Infectious Disease And Sexually Transmitted Infections > Flashcards

Infectious Disease And Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

When a microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan) invades the body of a host

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2
Q

Latent period

A

The time between infection and the development of symptoms/signs.

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3
Q

Pathogens: Agents of infection

A
  1. Bacteria (most are helpful)
    * 1% are pathogens, disease-causing; cause harm by releasing enzymes and toxins that do damage inside host

Antibiotics - kill bacteria (many are now resistant to multiple antibiotics

  1. Viruses
    * acellular pathogens that invade living cells (can’t survive without host)

Antiviral drugs: typically reduce severity or duration of viral infections

  1. More examples include Fungi, Protozoa, parasitic worms
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4
Q

How to ‘catch’ an infection

A

People:
* direct or indirect contact

Food:
* e.g. E. coli, Salmonella

Water:
* contaminated water can carry pathogens

Animals and Insects = vector transmission
* mosquitos - Zola virus, malaria
* rats/fleas - plague

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5
Q

Examples of good bacteria

A

Trillions of bacteria live in your digestive tract

Ex. Aid in digestion and vitamin absorption, compete with and exclude harmful microbes

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6
Q

First line of defense

A

Includes various physical and chemical barriers

  • skin
  • Epidermis
  • Cilia
  • Mucus
  • Elevated boy temperature
  • cough, tears, saliva
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7
Q

Antigen

A

A chemical structure that your immune cells recognize as different from your own and therefore foreign and we need to amount a response to

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8
Q

Second line of defense

A

Specialized cells including macrophages, T cells, and B cells launch an immune response to eliminate the pathogen

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9
Q

Immune system: T cells & macrophages

A

Macrophages (big eaters):
* surround and digest foreign matter
* aid immunity by engulfing antibody-bound pathogens

T-cells:
* fight parasites, fungi, cancer cells, infected cells
* thousands of T-cells work together to kill pathogens

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10
Q

Immune system: B cells & antibodies

A

Antibodies (Abs):
* made by B-cells
* Abs are proteins that stick to specific antigens on pathogens (humoural response)

Abs coat pathogens and make them clump together so that pathogens:

  • cannot infect new cells
  • can be more effectively ‘eaten’ by macrophages
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11
Q

The chain of infection & ways to break the chain

A
  • pathogen - disinfectants, chlorinations of water
  • reservoir (long term host)- medical treatment and testing, quarantine
  • portal of exit - masks, condoms
  • means of transmission - sanitary practices, safer sex
  • portal of entry - masks, insect repellant
  • new host - immunization, health promotion, medical treatment
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12
Q

Chain of infection: Influenza

A

Pathogen - Influenza virus
Human reservoir - Human #1 infected
portal of exit - human #1 sneezes; pathogen exits mouth or nose
Transmission - Airborne droplets or indirect transfer through a surface
portal of entry - human #2 inhales; pathogen enters nose or mouth
New host - Human #2 infected

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13
Q

Vaccination

A

Small quantity of inactive pathogen injected to create memory cells (T- and B-cells)

  • when you encounter the actual pathogen, your immune system can fight it off (with antibodies)
  • eliminates pathogen before signs/symptoms experienced
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14
Q

Smallpox

A

A virus that plagued humans throughout history
* killed more people than every infectious disease combined

Vaccination has led to the eradication of smallpox (~35% mortality)

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15
Q

Measles

A

Causes inflammation of the brain, brain damage, seizures, deafness, and for 150000 cases per year globally, it leads to death

“Most deadly of all childhood rash/fever illnesses” - WHO

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16
Q

Difference between T-Cells & B-Cells

A

B-Cells: produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins

T-Cells: destroy the own body’s cells that have been taken over by viruses or become cancerous

17
Q

Infectious Disease in Canada

A
  1. Colds
  2. Influenza
  3. Hepatitis
  4. Meningitis
  5. Reproductive & Urinary infections
  6. Sexually transmitted infections
18
Q

Common cold (rhinovirus, coronavirus)

A

Spread by coughs, sneezes, direct, indirect contact
~200 types (so you keep getting it)

Prevention: washing hands
Cure: Your immune system
* rest, fluids, mild exercise, nutrition
* medications mask symptoms

19
Q

Flu (Influenza virus)

A

More severe symptoms (aches, chills, dry cough, weakness) that last longer than a cold

1918 Spanish flu outbreak:
* killed 50-100 million people
* 50% of worlds population infected
* killed those with the healthiest immune systems (typically ages 18-40)

20
Q

Hepatitis (virus)

A

Symptoms: fever, headaches, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, aching joints

  • Viruses (A-G) cause inflammation of the liver
  • Viruses (A & E) transmitted by contaminated water
  • Viruses (B,C,D) transmitted through sexual contact
21
Q

Meningitis (bacterial or viral)

A

Infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Symptoms: fever, drowsiness, confusion, headache, nausea, vomiting

  • viral meningitis clears up on its own
  • bacterial meningitis is very serious and requires antibiotics immediately
22
Q

Reproductive and Urinary tract infections

A

Vaginal infections:
* symptoms include itching, burning, discharge

Penile infections:
* symptoms include redness, irritation, pain during urination or intercourse, discharge

Urinary tract infections (UTIs):
* typically caused by bacteria
* symptoms include burning sensation while urinating, chills, fever, fatigue, blood in urine
* more common in females

23
Q

Ways to support your immune system

A
  • washing your hands
  • adequate sleep and exercise
  • a balanced diet
24
Q

Bacterial STIs

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhea
  • infectious syphillis
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
25
Q

Viral STIs

A
  • human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Genital Herpes (HSV 1 and HSV 2)
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • Hepatitis B (HBV)
26
Q

Chlamydia (most common bacterial STI in Canada)

A

Caused by chlamydia trachomatis

  • it is common and easily treatable with antibiotics
  • 2x more common in females then males
  • if left untreated, can lead to ectopic pregnancy; sterility in females (and males)

Symptoms (often asymptomatic):
* discharge
* burning when urinating

27
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Caused by Neissaria gonorrhoeae

  • often asymptomatic
  • in females can cause PID
  • in males can cause inflammation of the urethra, prostate, epididymis
28
Q

Syphillis

A

Caused by Treponema pallidum

  • transmitted through a break in the skin, via kissing, oral, vaginal, or anal sex

Primary: ulcer at site of infection (days to weeks after contact); not usually painful; contains high numbers of bacteria and highly contagious

Secondary: flu-like symptoms; rash over the body, hands and feet; ~ 2 months later

Tertiary: neurological and cardiovascular effects; blindness; years to decades later

Treatment: antibiotics if early enough

29
Q

Human Papilloma Virus (most common viral STI in North America)

A

> 100 types of HPV
Cause common warts, genital warts, genital cancers
* all cervical cancers caused by HPV
* spread by sexual contact

Immune system often clears the infection (some cases infection persists to cause genital warts or cancer)

Prevention: Gardasil vaccination

HPV Progression:
Long latency provides ample opportunity to remove pre-cancerous cells

30
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2

A

Travels along nerves and lays dormant in nerve cells; infection is life-long

  • commonly transmitted through oral sex
  • prevention is difficult
  • outbreaks can be triggered by stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, intercourse, and menstruation

Prevention: condom use
Treatment: antivirals like acyclovir can lessen symptoms; there is no cure

31
Q

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

Transmission:
* not spread by casual contact; requires blood-blood or fluid-blood contact

Most common: unprotected sex

32
Q

HIV and AIDS

A

HIV infects immune cells (T-cells)

The immune system launches a response but:
* HIV “hides” inside immune cells (and slowly kills them)
* HIV replicates too fast for the immune system to fight it
* HIV mutates (changing its antigens) and avoids elimination

An untreated HIV infection typically leads to AIDS within 10 years

Severely compromised immune system
* death due to opportunistic infections

Main treatment:
* highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Combination of (usually) 3 different kinds of drugs that target various stages of the HIV viral life cycle

33
Q

Key takeaway from HIV in Canada

A

It does not discriminate
* shown in heterosexual individuals (33%), gay individuals (50%), and intravenous drug users (17%)

34
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

An infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available

Ex. A host with a weakened immune system

35
Q

Steps to the immune response

A

Phase 1: Recognition - when a pathogen breaches the body’s physical and chemical barriers it initiates the first phase of the immune response

Phase 2: Proliferation: the activated helper and killer T-cells multiply, thereby amplifying the immune response to the pathogen

Phase 3: Elimination: the activated T and B cells then undergo a transformation to become either memory cells or effector cells.

Phase 4: Slowdown: Regulatory T cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and induce lymphocyte death, causing a slowdown of the immune response

36
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Usually a complication of untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia

  • is an ascending infection that progresses from the vagina to the cervix to the uterus, oviducts, and pelvic cavity
  • it can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain

BPK 140 (14 decks)

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