Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Special Populations > Menopause and Aging > Flashcards

Menopause and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Menopause

A

final cessation of menstruation

average between 45-55years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stages of women’s reproduction

A

Perimenopause - transition period before menopause, early 40s
Menopause - 2 months amenorrhea
Post menopause - end of peri menopause to end of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stage 1 - Premenopausal Phase

A

Ovaries gradually decrease hormone production, periods more closely or widely space or irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Premenopausal symptoms

A

fluid retention, breast tenderness, weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stage 2 - Menopausal Phase

A

further decrease in hormone production, ovaries cease to produce eggs, menstruation ceases
when periods cease entirely for a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stage 3 - Post menopausal Phase

A

hormonal level stabilise and menopausal signs subside, ovaries continue making small amounts of estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hormone Levels during menopause

A

ovaries make very little estrogen and progesterone, overall estrogen levels fall by 90%, progesterone levels also fall, increased levels of FSH and LH, testosterone decline slowly with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Short term consequences of menopause

A

hot flushes, night sweats, insomnia, crawling skin, anxiety, irritbility, sleep disturbances, lessened memory and concentration, vaginal dryness, fatigue, muscle/joint pains, overall reduction in wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Long term consequences of menopause

A

vaginal and urinary tract aging, bone loss - osteoporosis, increased risk of heart disease, increased risk of dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vitamins and Minerals that are altered

A

Vitamin D - essential for Ca absorption
Magnesium - helps Ca utilisation and distribution
Copper - essential for bone formation and mineralisation
Zinc - required for bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A

Caucasian, decreased levels of estrogen in women, decreased physical activity, decrease in Ca and Vitamin D, excessive intake of caffeine and alcohol, excess of PTH and cotisol, family history, low body weight, smoking/meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevention of Osteoporosis

A

exercise, oestrogen - reduces bone reabsorption, calcium suppllements, stop smoking, have 15 m daylight, increase calcium intake, weiht bearing and high impact exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors for heart disease in women

A

high cholesterol, high BP, obesity, diabetes, smoking, family Hx, early menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment options for menopause

A

HT, exercise, diet, natural alternative treatment options, lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

replacing the natural hormone the ovaries no longer make
oestrogen to alleviate symptoms and protect bones
progesterone to protect uterus and bone
testosterone to maintain bone, muscle, energy, libido

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benefits of HRT

A

reduction in unpleasant symptoms of menopause, reduction in loss of calcium from bones and therefore a reduction in osteoporosis and fractures associated, reduced risk of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vaginal health

A

incontinence, helps prevent vaginal aging, improve lubrication

18
Q

CV health

A

oestrogens lower LDL, raise HDL, lower cholesterol levels

make blood vessels healthier

19
Q

Bone health

A

osteoporosis - decrease in fractures etc

prevent bone reabsorption in menopausal women

20
Q

Bowel health

A

colon cancer - reduction in rectal cancer in women who have used HT compared with never users

21
Q

Mental health

A

depression - HT improves mild depressive symptoms

22
Q

Exercise benefits during menopause

A

maintain muscle, minimise abdo fat, prevent heart disease, protect bones, reduce menopausal symptoms, reduce stress, improve sleep patterns, enhance wellbeing

23
Q

Dietary benefits during menopause

A

change in metabolic rate, average weight gain is 2-5kg, body shape changes, behaviour change for healthy eating, increase vegetable/fruit/legumes/wholegrains, increase consumption of omega 3, include lean meat/poultry, reduced consumption of simple CHO, water best fluid

24
Q

Male changes similar to females

A

changes in bone density, lipoproteins, increased body fat, altered body composition, alteration in endocrine status, sexual dysfunction, psychological factors, benign prostatic hyperplasia, arteriosclerosis, altered glucose sensitivity, changes in muscle strength

25
Q

Hormonal changes in men

A

reduced serum total testosterone level, reduced bioavailability of testosterone, reduced GH, thryroid hormones, DHEA, steroid hormone, adrenal

26
Q

Age related changes in the male repro system

A

testes: thickening of the basement membrane of seminferous tubules, peritubular fibrosis, germ cell arrest
epididymus: regression of secretory epithelium
drop in testosterone and other hormones plus psychosocial factors

27
Q

Age related changes to the body

A

total body water decreases, generalised body tissue fibrosis, progressive loss of homeostatic systems, height, weight, skin, musculoskeletal, resp system, cardiovascular system, renal system, nervous system

28
Q

Height changes

A 
decrease of 5 to 7 cm 
kyphosis (spinal curvature) 
spinal disc narrowing
knee/joint flexion 
joint narrowing space
29
Q

Weight changes

A

total body mass decreases - subcutaneous fat deposits decrease, fat deposits in organs increase

30
Q

skin changes

A

loss of elasticity, collagen leads to dermal thinning, sweat glands decrease, sweating decreases

31
Q

Musculoskeletal changes

A

decreased muscle mass relative to body weight, cartilage loses ability to adapt to repetitive stress, bone demineralisation and increased bone reabsorption

32
Q

Respiratory changes

A

lung and chest wall compliance decreases, ribs and chest wall, resp muscles weaken, diameter of alveoli increases, cilia loss, residual volume increases and vital capacity decreases

33
Q

Cardiovascular changes

A

increased internal thickening of arteries, increased cholesterol deposits, stroke volume declines, speed/force of myocardial contraction decreases, HR decline, PVR increases with age, cardicac conducting system deteriorates, increased work to heart

34
Q

Renal system changes

A

decreased GFR

35
Q

Genitourinary system changes

A

benign prostate growth, loss of bladder control, increase of UTIs, urinary retention, tumours, incontinence

36
Q

Nervous system changes

A

brain cell loss, decreases in most neurotransmitters, decreased nerve conduction in peripheral nervous system

37
Q

GI system changes

A

decreased HCI production, delay intestinal motility, decreased saliva flow, fewer taste buds, gum atrophy, decreased liver function

38
Q

Vision changes

A

cataracts and stuff

39
Q

Eriksons theory

A

describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan

40
Q

Factors linked to successful psychosocial aging

A

life purpose, social support, marriage, religion, education, gardening

Special Populations (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions