Memory Vocab

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

the process of bringing information from stored memories into conscious awareness.

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

when you notice something you learned previously

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

the process by which we learn something for the second time

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

the processing of information in the memory systems

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

the process of getting information out of memory

Question 8

parallel processing

Answer 8

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

immediate,very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 10

short-term memory

Answer 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Question 11

long-term memory

Answer 11

essentially endless, it encompasses everything you know. it is a passive system

Question 12

working memory

Answer 12

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 13

explicit memory

Answer 13

retention of facts and experiences from long-term memory that one can consciously know and declare. also known as declarative memory

Question 14

effortful processing

Answer 14

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 15

automatic processing

Answer 15

unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency, as of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 16

implicit memory

Answer 16

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long-term memory independent of conscious recollection. also called non declarative memory

Question 17

iconic memory

Answer 17

visual information

Question 18

echoic memory

Answer 18

sound information

Question 19

chunking

Answer 19

organizing information into meaningful units

Question 20

mnemonics

Answer 20

a memory trick or technique for remembering specific facts. (ROYGBIV)

Question 21

spacing effect

Answer 21

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed practice

Question 22

testing effect

Answer 22

an enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test.

Question 23

shallow processing

Answer 23

Processing information based on its surface characteristics

Question 24

deep processing

Answer 24

Processing information with respect to its meaning.

Question 25

semantic memory

Answer 25

recalling a password and holding it in working memory, for example, would activate the left frontal lobe

Question 26

episodic memory

Answer 26

calling up a visual party scene would more likely activate the right frontal lobe

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

a memory is stored like a library, and the memory itself doesn’t change, even if you forget some of it

Question 28

flashbulb memory

Answer 28

a clear, sustained long-term memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 29

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 29

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. it is a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 30

Priming

Answer 30

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory

Question 31

Encoding Specificity principle

Answer 31

memories are linked to the context in which they are created. It states that it’s easier to recall information when you are in the same context in which you memorized or studied it.

Question 32

mood-congruent memory

Answer 32

a tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state

Question 33

serial position effect

Answer 33

we remember the first and last things in a list the best

Question 34

anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

an inability to form new memories due to injury or illness

Question 35

retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past due to injury or illness

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

occurs when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

occurs when newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

Question 38

repression

Answer 38

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

Question 39

reconsolidation

Answer 39

a process in which previously store memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 40

misinformation effect

Answer 40

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

Question 41

source amnesia

Answer 41

faulty memory for how, when or where info was learned or imagined

Question 42

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 42

pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve.

Question 43

Richard Atkinson

Answer 43

developed the field of mathematical modeling in psychology. His work established the validity of mathematical modeling as a powerful tool for illuminating complex cognitive phenomena.

Question 44

Richard Shiffrin

Answer 44

contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. He co-authored the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson,[1] who was his academic adviser at the time. In 1977, he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider.

Question 45

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 45

helped proved why eyewitness testimonies can often be inaccurate

Question 46

Robert Sternberg

Answer 46

developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don’t identify.

Question 47

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 47

Insight learning is perhaps the greatest contribution Wolfgang Kohler made to psychology. Building off the influence of gestalt psychology, Kohler discovered that learning can occur when we gain insight into an entire situation, as opposed to focusing only on an individual part.

Question 48

Noam Chomsky

Answer 48

the concept of universal grammar, which states that language is innate, or inborn, instead of learned, as is believed in behaviorism theory

Question 49

Paul Broca

Answer 49

discovery of the speech production center of the brain

Question 50

Carl Wernicke

Answer 50

discovery of the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

Question 51

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Answer 51

his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought