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AP Psychology > Learning Vocab > Flashcards

Learning Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Habituation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

learning that two certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and a consequence

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4
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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5
Q

Operant Behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequence

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6
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

involves studying perception, memory, attention and focus, language, problem-solving and learning.

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a type of associative learning that involves learned involuntary response. we associate stimuli that we do not control, and we respond automatically

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8
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

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9
Q

High-order Conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus without the presence of an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Extinction

A

if a new conditioned stimulus doesn’t get followed by the unconditioned stimulus anymore, the conditioned response will stop happening.

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause or “extinction”

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12
Q

Generalization

A

people will perform the conditioned response to similar stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

we learn to associate a response and its consequence. This is voluntary because we operate on the environment to produce a consequence.

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15
Q

Law of Effect

A

behavior is more likely to continue if a reward happens after, and less likely if followed by an unfavorable consequence

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16
Q

Operant Chamber

A

a highly controlled environment used to study operant conditioning processes with lab animals

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response

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18
Q

Shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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19
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. adding something positive

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20
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. taking away something negative

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21
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

innately reinforcing stimuli such as those that satisfy a biological need

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22
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through their learned association with a primary reinforcer

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23
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

patterns that define how often a desired response will be reinforced

24
Q

continuous reinforcement schedules

A

reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs. when it stops, the behavior soon stops

25
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not. learning is slower to appear, but resistance to extinction is greater than with continuous reinforcement

26
Q

Fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses (Scooter’s punch cards)

27
Q

Variable-ratio reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machines)

28
Q

Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after a set length of time (mail comes at the same time every time)

29
Q

variable-interval reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable length of time (checking our phone for a text from our friend)

30
Q

punishment

A

an events that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

31
Q

positive punishment

A

adds something negative to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring

32
Q

negative punishment

A

takes away something positive to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring

33
Q

Biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological. state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

34
Q

Preparedness

A

each species’ predispositions prepare it to learn the associations that enhance its survival

35
Q

Instinct Drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

36
Q

Cognitive Map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

37
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. It is a form of cognitive learning in which problem solving occurs by means of sudden reorganization of perceptions

38
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

39
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

40
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

41
Q

learned helpfulness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

42
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate

43
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that we direct and create our own fate

44
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

dude who made classical conditioning with the dogs

45
Q

John B. Watson

A

did the Little Albert experiment on classical conditioning to fear a white rabbit

46
Q

BF Skinner

A

made a Skinner Box to learn about operant conditioning

47
Q

observational learning

A

a form of learning that occurs by watching the behavior in others

48
Q

modeling

A

we learn behavior by observing others

49
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another’s action. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.

50
Q

prosocial behavior

A

modeling positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

51
Q

Edward L. Thornlike

A

the first to apply psychological principles to the area of learning.

52
Q

John Garcia

A

Helped figure out that environments are not the whole story and biology matters. Our learning results not only from environmental experiences, but also from cognitive and biological influences

53
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

influence on cognitive behaviorism, his research on cognitive maps, the theory of latent learning and the concept of an intervening variable.

54
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and his famous Bobo doll experiments.

55
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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