Memory models- skill acquisition year 2 Flashcards
What is Atkinson and Shiffrens multi-store memory model
3 stages of remembering
Encoding - conservation into codes
Storage- retention of info
Retrieval - recovering the information
What is encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
What is chunking
Different pieces of information can be grouped (or chunked) together and then remembered as one piece of information
What does Atkinsons and shiffrens multi store memory model look like
Sensory memory—> short term memory——> rehearsal <——- retrieval——> long term menory
Short-term sensory stores
Stored for short period of time and filtered
Selective attention takes place
What is selective attention
Relevant info is filtered through into the short term memory and irrelevant info is lost or forgotten
What is the short term memory
‘Working memory’
Limited info can be stored
7 pieces of info
Held for about 30 seconds
important info encoded to LTM, irrelevant is forgotten
What is the long term memory
Almost limitless capacity
Holds info for long periods of time
Meaningless items not stored for long time
motor programmes stored here
Advantages of multi-store memory model
1- simplifies memory process to aid understanding
2- explains how those with brain damage have dysfunctional memory
Disadvantages of multi-store memory model
1- too simplified- doesn’t explain why we remember different types of into
2- doesn’t provide difference between STM AND LTM
What is Craig and Lockhart levels of processing model
Used to Explain how memory works - opposed multi-store menory model
Aims to explain what we do with the info rather then how it is stored
info is CONSIDERED
UNDERSTOOD
HAD MEANING (related to past memories)
What is memory trace
When the brain cells retain or store information
How can memory be improved
Rehearsal
Meaningfulness
Association
Avoiding overload
Organise information
advantages of levels of processing
1- explains if we understand, we are more likely to remember
2- explains the longer we analyse info, the more we remember
Disadvantages of levels of processing
1- difficult to define deep processing
2- doesn’t take into account individual differences
What are attributions
The perceived causes of particular outcome
What is Weiners model of attribution
Internal - ability (stable) and effort (unstable)
External - task difficulty (stable) and luck (unstable
negatives of Weiners model
not specific for sport
what happens to sports performers who attribute their failure to external causes- (self serving bias)
not as successful as performers who take accountability for failure
What is learned helplessness
the belief that failure is inevitable
What is mastery orientation
An individual is motivated to become and expert. - Attribute failure to internal, controllable and unstable factors like effort.
What is weiners model
where the attributions come from- locus of causality
and
whether hey are stable or not- locus of stability
What is sport confidence
The belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport
What is self- efficacy
the self- confidence we have in specific situations
What is self-esteem
the feelings of self-worth that determines how valuable and competent we feel
How does sports confidence have an impact on sports performance
if you have high confidence- more motivated to achieve and more likely= to make decisions that will have positive outcome
What is retrieval
the process of recovering info stored in the memory
What is sensory memory
stimuli enter brain from environment
selective attention - filtering of relevant and irrelevant stimuli
0.5 of a second
sense specifc
Why is memory important for performers
to remember the correct techniques an tactics needed to perform new and old skills
What is storage
the retention of information over a period of time
What is retrieval
recovering information that is stored which success is based on how well known the information is and how much there is
What is the multi-store model of memory (MSM)
three stage process including short term-sensory store, short term memory and long term memory
relevant information that is selected passes through short-term memory
the process of chunking also occurs
rehearsal is needed for information to pass to long-term memory
What are the levels of processing for verbal information
structural level- involves paying attention to what the words look like, shallow level of processing
phonetic level- involves processing the sounds of words
semantic level- considers the meaning of words, deepest level processing
How can memory be improved - Rehearsal
useful for retrieval of information in STM and LTM shown in the MSM
How can memory be improved-meaningfulness
the more information is seen as relevant to our needs, the more likely we are to remember it shown in the levels of processing model
How can memory be improved- Association
New information is liked to old information so it is more likely to be remembered -
—associating it with something already known
How can memory be improved- Avoiding overload
new info allowed to ‘sink in’ avoiding potential confusion
How memory can be improved- organise information
chunking can expand the STM store as complex info can be grouped to aid understanding
How can memory be improved- mental imagery
performers often remembers a visual representation more than verbal info, relevant to the levels of processing model
