5.2 Group And Team Dynamics And Goal Setting In Sport Flashcards
What are the main stages of group development
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
What is the definition of group
A group is a collection of people who both share similar goals and interact with one another
What is stage 1- forming
High dependence on leader of group
Members get to know each other
Very little agreement on the aims of the team
What is stage 2- storming
Group decisions are difficult
Team members jostle for pistons in team
Clearer focus for team
Stronger sense of purpose
Cliques form at this stage
Leader has more of a coaching role
What is stage 3- norming
Much more agreement
Clearer Roles and responsibilities
Stronger unity
What is stage 4- performing
Team has more strategies and clear vision
Clear focus on achieving goals
What is team cohesion
Concerns the motivation which attracts individuals to the group
Festinger(1963) states that cohesiveness is ‘the total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group’
What are the two dimensions of team cohesion (carron 1980)
Group integration- how the individual members of the group feel about the group as a whole
Individual attraction to the group - how attracted the individuals are to the group
What is Steiner’s model of the relationship between individuals in a group and group performance
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
What is potential productivity
Refers to the best possible performance of the group and must take into account the resources available to the group and abilities of members
What are the losses due to process faults mainly caused by? (With explanation)
Co-ordination problems- if timing of team members do not match, strategies will suffer and therefore so will performance
Motivation problems- if individual members of the team are not motivated = potential of the team will not be realised.
What is the Ringelman effect
When the average individual performance decreases as the group size increases.
What is social loafing
When some individuals in a group lose motivation, apparently caused by the individual losing identity when placed in a group.
Individual efforts may not be recognised by those who are spectating or those taking part
What are the 4 ways goal setting can affect performance
1- by DIRECTING ATTENTION- goals can focus performers on what need to be done to improve performance
2- REGULATING EFFORT- ensure that there is no wasted effort on activities or movements that are unnecessary
3- ENSURING EFFORT- effort is sustained until goal is reached. Motivates performers to continue with their efforts
4- MOTIVATION AND STRATEGY
the development of successful tactics and strategies can make all the difference between winning and losing
What are SMART GOALS
Specific- goals clear
Measurable - goals just be able to be assessed
Achievable - realistic to ability of performer
Recorded - progress can be monitored
Time phased - short term and long term goals
What is an outcome goal
Goals that are targets directed towards an end result of the activity
Eg wanting to win a match
What are performance goals
Goals that are directed towards the individuals end performance
What is a process goal
Goals that are used to improve a skill and often related to technique
How to make effective goal setting?
Must be a general breakdown of the overall goals that you want to achieve.
Short term and long term goals
Why would you share decisonn making when setting goals
Goals set through negotiations and agreements are far more effective than externally set goals.
What is group integration
how individual members feel about the group as a whole
What is potential productivity
the best possible performance of the group
Factors of faulty processes
co-ordination problems
motivation problems
What are co-ordination problems
If co-ordination and timing doesn’t match, then strategies that depend on them will suffer and therefore so will performance
What are motivation problems
if members are not motivated to the same extent they will be ‘pulling into a different direction’ and the potenital of the team will not be recognised
What is mastery orientation
Performers who believe they will succeed and who are motivated to improve even when faced with failure.
What is the importance and effectiveness of goal setting?
-helps to focus attention on the task/strategy
-increases effort
-encourages persistance
- provides an incentive
-reduces anxiety/stress
-monitor improvements
Types of goal setting
outcome/competition
process goal
short-term goal
long-term goal
What are outcome/ competition goals
focus on the end of a competitive situation
eg we will win the football match by 2 goals
What are process goals
challenge a performer to master a technique by a certain date/event
What are short term-goals
set between a day and a month
target that should then be achieved after the next training session or competition
What are long term goals
month + (end of season)
helps the performer/team determine where they want to go and what they want to achieve
these goals include coaching schedules
Effectiveness of goal setting
(CAAAMP)
C= confidence- raise sports confidence and self confidence (short-term goals) 0
A/A- anxiety/ arousal- controlled using short term/ process and performance goals
A- attentional- focus on parts of performance that are relevant to your goals
M- monitor performance- helps a performer focus
P- persistence - if achieved, it is very effective (short-term goals)
