Memory (ch 7/8) Flashcards
Encoding
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Storage
Maintaining information in memory.
Retrieval
Bringing stored material to mind.
Flashbulb Memory
Emotional memories that are not immune to forgetfulness/manipulation/inaccuracy. There is a false perception of accuracy due to strong confidence fostered by the emotions/repetition of the story.
Deep Processing
does the word make sense there in this sentence?
Shallow Processing
memorizing words by rhyming
Transfer-appropriate Processing
When there is a match between the memory processes that are used during encoding that are similar to processes that are used during retrieval then the information will be remembered better.
Reconstructive Memory
When we try to recall an event after some of the details have faded, we tend to “fill in the gaps” with what seems most reasonable.
Brown & Kulik (1977)
proposed accurate/long-lasting class of memories for highly significant/emotional events (FALSE) –> flashbulbs
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
theorized repetition improves memorization only when repetition is done in depth & for the purpose of semantically processing the material. –> processing
Godden & Baddeley (1975)
learning/recall on land and in water groups –> transfer-appropriate processing
Allport & Postman (1987)
Showed images of a knifing incident between two men on the tube. People asked to recall the event & they often misremembered who was holding the knife due to build up schema (though black man held it when it was white man). –> reconstructive memory
Loftus (1974)
Showed a car crash video & phrased one word differently when asking students to describe it (smashed vs bumped). The wording of the question drew different responses from students. Exemplifying the importance of word-choice/priming. –> eyewitness testimony
