memory and vaccination Flashcards
key features of memory B cells
lower activation threshold / faster formstion of plasma cells
why secondary response to antigen is better
generation of memory cells and antibodies
features of memory T cells
lower activation threshold
what is subunit (conjugate vaccine)
-effectivnesss
-examples
uses specific peices of the germ like it’s protein
very effective
e.g. Haemophilus Influenzae and Meningicoccal infections
carbs can’t induce high affinity class swiching antiboides
why T cells don’t respond to carbs?
T cells only recognise peptides in the context of MHC
how do you make an effective vaccine for Haemophilus Influenzae and Meningicoccal infections
subunit (conjugate vaccine)
1) example of carrier protein and hapten
2) what is hapten only recognised by
3) where does hapten specificty occurs in terms of affinity and isotype switching
1) carrier protein = dipheria toxoid forms peptides recognised by T cells. hapten= carbohydrate. no peptide and only recognised by B cells
2) B cells
3) germinal centre
T cell activation is 3 signals
1) antigen recognition
2) co-stimulation
3) cytokine signalling
1)TCR binds to MHC
2) co stimulation of CD80/CD86 of DCs binding to CD28 on t cells
3) cytokines released depending on TH1 or TH2 or TH17
what are attenuated recombinant vaccines
use weakened versions of virus in virus to still activate immune response.
what signals in T cell activation do adjuvants enhance
2 and 3
2= co stimulaory molecules
3= cytokine production
what T helper cell does adjuvants enhance
TH2
what is nucleic acid vaccine
inject DNA and RNA to induce protein expression in host
-they have a built in adjuvant
4 vaccines used by SARS-Cov
1) viral vector
2) nucleaic acid
3) inactivated virus
4) protein subunit (adjuvant)
what is the most effective vaccine and why
live attenuated vaccine
-do not require adjuvants
