autoimmunity

Question 1

what is autoimmunity

Answer 1

immune system mistakenly attacks self

Question 2

processes to limit risk of autoimmunity
1) central (thymic)
2) peripheral

Answer 2

1) positive selection (weak binding)
negative selection (strong binding)

2) regulatory t and b cells
-dendritic cells and danger

Question 3

for negative selection-
what is the expression of some tissue speciic proteins in the thymic medulla controlled by?

Answer 3

AiRE (autoimmune regulator0

Question 4

where is AiRE expressed?

Answer 4

medullary stromal cells

Question 5

where does immune privilage occur and describe it
-example of rare eye disease that results in vision loss

Answer 5

occurs in the eye, brain, testes, placenta
eye limits it’s inflammatory immune response so that vision isn’t harmed by swelling or other tissue changes

rare eye disease= sympathetic ophthalmia

Question 6

mechanisms which infection agents induce autoimmunity
-example

Answer 6

molecular mimicry
-guillains barre syndrome

Question 7

gene mutations that lead to disease
1) APECED
2) IPEX
3) ALPS

Answer 7

1) examples of if autoimmunity regulation (AIRE) has a mutation
2) muations of FOXP3 gene leads to fungal and skin disease. treatment is bone marrow transplantation
3) loss of function mutation in Fas. unable to drive cell apoptosis

Question 8

different types of autoimmune diseases
what are autoantibodies

Answer 8

often present, may or may not be pathogenic. may be associated with specifc disease state
-long acting thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 9

receptor agonist disease example
-stimulation level and what it stimulates
-prevelence and severity

Answer 9

graves disease (overstimulation)
stimulates auto-antibodies. which bind to TSH receptor leading to an overstimulation of thyroid hormones
-graves disease is more common but easier to treat

Question 10

example of receptor antagonist
-stimulation level
-how it affects acetylcholine and consequences

Answer 10

myasthenia gravis (blocks)
-receptors blok acetlycholine neurotransmitters in the synapses.
-results in issues with muscles in face, eyes, sound, speech

Question 11

example of antibody dependent cytotoxicity
-haemolytic anaemia

Answer 11

destroys red blood cells

Question 12

example of normal cytotoxicity

Answer 12

type 1 diabetes

Question 13

example of over stimulation of neurtrophils

Answer 13

lupus
(anti DNA in cells and a multi-system disease