cardiovascular immunology

Question 1

the structure of a artery
-1)endothelium
-2) tunica media
-3)tunica adventitia

Answer 1

1) interoir = made of epithelial of blood and lymphatic vessels. made on endothelial cells
2) middle= made of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue
3) outer= composed of collagen and vasa vasorum

Question 2

two types of lipids which transport cholestral and how they are transported in the blood

Answer 2

HDL and LDL
-lipoproteins

Question 3

what are foam cells in athercelosis formation

Answer 3

they are macrophages which surround fatty materical to destroy it. the cell becomes filled with lipids

Question 4

what is
1) atheroma formation
2) fibrous cap formation
3) necrotic core formation

Answer 4

1) fatty streak
2) (inflammation) proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and net matrix doposition
3) macrophages apoptosis promotes the development of necrotic core. region in plauque where cells have died

Question 5

what cells are used in adaptive immunity

Answer 5

TH1
TH2
TH17
Treg
B cells

Question 6

when does ischemia occur?

Answer 6

when blood flow is stopped

Question 7

what 5 things influences plaque stability

Answer 7

1) thickness of fibrous cap
2) increased ECM plaque content
3) increases number of smooth muscle cells
4) low macrophage plaque content
5) calcifications

Question 8

cytokines that protect against atheroclerlosis
and IL

Answer 8

Th2/ tregs
-IL-6
-IL-4

Question 9

cytokines that are pro inflamamtory and enhance inflammation of plaque and immune cell recruitment

Answer 9

TH1
IL-1
Il-12
!L,6
IL-18
TNF-alpha

Question 10

which organ controls arterial immune responses

Answer 10

aortic tertiary lymphoid organs (T cell..)

Question 11

treatments for atherocerelosis

Answer 11

no treatments to reverse it
secondary prevention is easier e.g. obesity
drugs used to lowe cholestral e.g. statins

Question 12

stages of athercelosis
1) LDL cholestral accumulation
2) inflammatory response (what inate cell and what does it form)
3) what forms fatty streaks
4) smooth muscle migration (what ECM compound does it secrete, what does it result in)
4) plaque growth causes…
5) plaue rupture caueses…

Answer 12

2) macrophages engulf oxidized LDL and forms foam cells
3) foam cells cause fatty streaks
4) smooth muscle secretes collagen which contributes to fibrous cap, then forms a plauque
5) calcification
6) thrombosis

Question 13

what does it mean when macropphages express the molecules metculloproteinases

Answer 13

pro-atherogenic which increases atherolcelosis

Question 14

what cells recognise other cells and tumour cells e.g. lack of MHC 1

Answer 14

natural killer cells