memory and cognition Flashcards
whats inattentional blindness
failure to acknowledge, failure of attention
-once noticed its hard to not see again
whats selective attention
influence of the viewers task overrise visibility of a stimulus
what did Loftus et al. 1987 study show
-same scene, showed a cheque and a gun
-gave poorer details of scene when gun was shown
-longer duration looking at gun caused this, we only pay attention to threatening/ specific objects
what did loftus study 1979 when photos shown of a man with just a pen or with a bloody knife, people asked to identify who he was?
- with pen vs with bloody knife
-49% vs 33% identification
what types of long term memory is there
-procedural
-declarative
what happens in procedural long term memory
-skills, cognitive, classical conditioning effects
what happens in declarative long term memory
-personal experience events
-facts, general knowledge
whats a critical lure
- a word that things are assoiated with but the word is not said
what is it meant by episodic
-remembering coherent episodes
-events in the context
- personal experiences
what is it meant by semantic
-stored without reference to time or place of acquisition
-statements/facts
what did Bartlett’s 1932 study aim to do
-wanted to see how humans made sense of scenario’s
what concept did Bartlett introduce?
-schemas
-is a chunk of knowledge about the world
important as provides a mental framework
what did Brantford and Johnson 1972 study
-had a paragraph that people had to read
-asked to recall it and remember everything in the para
-recall was chopped up into idea units
-2nd group asked to remember a scheme
-performed double better, so if topic was introduced before they recalled it better
what did brewer and trevebs 1981 study
- set up consistent and inconsistent schema objects to test what was remembered and not remembered
-showed higher recall of schema consistent
what did Bartlett schema effect 1932 study show
-you tend to remember what you expect to see
what did Schwab and wolf 2010 study
-stress test of ice water and uncomfortable socially
- thought they were being recorded for others to watch,
-anxiety caused higher recall but when too high it decreased
what effect did loftus and palmer 1974 crash show
-depending on how questions were asked people gave different responses to what they think they saw
-influence of way question was asked showed different answers
whats the distinction between knowing and remembering
-knowing: fast recognition process, familiarity
-remembering: slower and more attention demanding, needs contextual info
what is source misattribution error
-failure of source monitoring
-process of examining contextual origins of a memory
what is unconscious transference
- the tendency of eyewtiness to misinform what they seen in the situation on basis of familiarity
-affects reduced by informing witness bystander is a distinct person from culprit
whats the innocence project
- works with law enforcement to reduce misidentification
whats the cogntive interview
- asks people to recreate context of situation in their mind at time of crime
-reports everything they can think of
-reports from various perspectives
-has shown to create more correct statements
what did the overestimation study by Levin et al.2002 show
-were shown a video with scarf dissappearing and reappearing
-78% of people believed if they were warned there would be a change they would have noticed
-another test showed 0% people would notice
-shows how eye testimony is not reliable
