individual differences

Question 1

what is differntial psychology

Answer 1

study of how people differ from each other in terms of behaviour, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

what is psychodynamic psychology

Answer 2

the study of the mental and emotional processes that influence behavior.

Question 3

what did freud treat?

Answer 3

conversion hysteria

Question 4

whats conversion hysteria

Answer 4

migraine, seiuzres, paralysis

Question 5

what was conversion hysteria said to be caused by?

Answer 5

-painful memories that had been repressed or pushed out of awareness

Question 6

what did freud say made people better from conversion hysteria? and why

Answer 6

-when patients experienced the traumatic memory
- he believed that an unconcious part of the mind plays an important role in influencing behaviour

Question 7

what are the 3 techniques used by freud to get patients to re experience the painful memories?

Answer 7

-hypnosis
-free association; when patients could say anything that came to mind without consequences
-dream analysis

Question 8

what did freud conclude about personality

Answer 8

-a system of energy
-constantly presses for release

Question 9

what did freud label the instinctual drive to generate psychic energy as

Answer 9

libido

Question 10

what are the three different levels of awareness?

Answer 10

conscious, preconscious, unconcious

Question 11

what does preconcious mean

Answer 11

-stuff your currently aware of but can be recalled
- recalling info into awareness

Question 12

what is unconcious

Answer 12

beyond awareness
- have no idea theyre there

Question 13

what did freud theorise 3 structures of personality as

Answer 13

ego,supergo, ID

Question 14

what does ID mean

Answer 14

-all psychic energy
-exists in concious mind
-no contact with reality
-libido
-irrational; doesnt consider environmental realities- cake example
-wants to meet its urges
-pleasure principle

Question 15

whats the ego

Answer 15

-follows reality principal
-decides what conditions ID can discharge impulses
-functions primarily at a concious level
-undersrand which circumstances to use ID
-develops by age 3

Question 16

whats superego

Answer 16

-moral arm
-relies on traditional values, with society and expectations
-tries to block gratification( tries to block ID completely)
-moralistic goals over realistic goals
-develops by age 4/5

Question 17

what is personailty in terms of the three egos

Answer 17

the struggle between the ID striving for release and superego trying to contain them

Question 18

what did freud believe the egos had on anxiety?

Answer 18

-thought anxiety was a danger signal, feelings of anxiety was to tell ego it needs to act in some way to contain the id.

Question 19

what strategy does ego use to protect anxiety thoughts

Answer 19

-pushes anxiety arousing memories, feelings and impulses into unconcious
-they remain in unconcious striving for release, can be expressed indeirectly in dreams

Question 20

what happens in denial

Answer 20

ego reguses to acknowledge anxiety, feelings, impulses

Question 21

what happens in displacement

Answer 21

dangerous impulses repressed and then directed at a safer target
- e.g when your boss is horrible you cant say anything so you take it out on a friend instead

Question 22

what did freud believe about psychosexual development

Answer 22

-children pass through 4 psychosexual stages
- drives from id pleasure, seeking tendecies on specific areas of the body
(erogenous zones)

Question 23

whats the first psychosexual stage

Answer 23

-oral
-satisfaction from sucking and food
-too much/too little sucking showed self indulgence or dependecny in adulthood

Question 24

what the second psychosexual stage

Answer 24

-anal
-pleasure from process of elimination
-controlling biological urges
-harsh toilet training associated with fixations in obsessive cleaning or orderliness in later life- anally retentive
-lack in toilet training leads to fixations of being messy, negative and dominant adult personality - anally expulsive

Question 25

whats the third psychosexual stage

Answer 25

-phallic
- 4-5
-pleasure from sexual organs
-boys: sexual feelings towards their mothers, fear father will catch him and castrate him
-oedipus complex, feelings of love to mother and hostility to father

-girls: electra complex, discover they dont have penis, blame mother for lack of desirable sexual organ
-penis envy; desire to have their fathers child as a substitute
-resolve impulses by repressing sexual impulses
-helps to develop suger ego

Question 26

whats the fourth psychosexual stage

Answer 26

-sexuality becomes dormant till adolescence
-once re emerged genital stage is lifelong

Question 27

why is freud work unreliable?

Answer 27

-used a small number of cases, needs huge samples to understand normal functioning
-cultural and gender bias
-emphasis on white eu male, others seen as less superior

Question 28

what was important about freuds work

Answer 28

-frist to highlight mental processes can happen without awareness

Question 29

what does congruence mean

Answer 29

self perceptions and experience are consistent

Question 30

what does incongruence mean

Answer 30

self perceptions and experience are not consistent
-e.g anxiety

Question 31

what does phenomenology mean

Answer 31

-emphasises how we experience the world now
-importance of the present

Question 32

what do trait theoriests do?

Answer 32

define personality in terms of the degree to which a person possesses a personality characteristic

Question 33

what did allport and odbert 1936 find

Answer 33

17,953 words describing personalty traits

Question 34

what statistical technique is used to find highly correlated personal characteristics

Answer 34

• factor analysis
  -uses clusters

Question 35

what did raymond cattell 1965 do

Answer 35

-recruited a long list of people to give adjectives that described themselves
-also got someone else who knows them well tp identify their clusters
cattell found 16 different personality clusters that was thorough throughout

Question 36

what was Hans Eysenck 1916-97

Answer 36

-2 basic dimension of personality
-introversion to extraversion
-stability to instability
- said these 2 different traits can account for differences in personality

Question 37

what did mccrae and costa 2003 study

Answer 37

-fice factor model
-five higher order factors capture basic structure of differences
-big 5
-most common for identifying personality

Question 38

what are the big 5

Answer 38

-openness
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism

Question 39

for the big 5 how many facets was there?

Answer 39

-30 facets
-6 scales in each

Question 40

what model did ashton and lee 2007 make

Answer 40

-hexaco
-added humility traits, being modest, fair,sincere etc

Question 41

what have twin studies shown in bioligical foundations of personality

Answer 41

differences in our genetic makeup contribute to differences in personality

Question 42

what does heritability of big 5 assess?

Answer 42

• the degree of variation in a trait due to genetic differences between people
  -found 40 to 50% is due to diffs in genetic makeup

Question 43

what did church and katigbak 2000 find

Answer 43

-evidence showed personality traits do not predict behaviour swell in collectivistic compared to individual cultures

Question 44

what did raad et al 2010 study find

Answer 44

-examined if big 5 present in 12 diff languages
-consciousnetness
-extraversion
-agreeablness
all found
-less support for neuroticism and openness-may be more open in diff cultures

Question 45

what is the study of developing, administering and scoring measures assesing psychological traits called

Answer 45

psychometrics

Question 46

what happens in interviews when people asked about feelings etc in psychodynamics

Answer 46

-interviewer tailors questions to a specific person
-allow participant to respond in their own words

Question 47

how to observe behaviour

Answer 47

• dont ask observe
  -must create a thorough coding system to score behaviours
  -observer may influence behaviour

Question 48

whats personality scale

Answer 48

-standard sets of questions
-eceryone selects from the same list of answer options
-usually require how accurately each phrase describes you

Question 49

what are advatages and limitations to personality scales

Answer 49

• a:
  -can collect data from many people at same time
  -all participants under similar conditions
  -standard scoring, differences wont impact the score

l:
-lengthy, get bored
-may not be honest, answer in socially desirable way
-participants cant respond in their own words

Question 50

what is psychometrics

Answer 50

developing and scoring of psychological assessments