Memory Flashcards
Elaborative processing/rehearsal
Linking info with things already known
Active manipulation. Multiple processes simultaneously
Working memory
Used to process touch and other body senses. Everything beside visual and acoustic codes
Haptic codes
Holds unlimited amount of info for an unlimited amount of time
Long term memory
Effects of LTP
Sending and receiving info in the brain becomes more efficient possibly due to strength/duration of LTM
Combining small bits of info into larger clusters. Short term memory tool
Chunking
An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event. Occurs when stress accompanies learning
Flashbulb memory
The enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation. Neurons that fire together wire together
Long term potentiation
Recency effect
Superior recall for the last times on a list. Working memory bc just saw/heard things at the end
ACh in memory
Important for encoding new info. Alzheimer’s. Medications for Alzheimer’s try to boost ACh
Primacy effect
Superior recall for the first items on a list. More time to make it to LTM
Includes semantic or episodic memories that reference the self. Like knowing what hospital you were born at
Autobiographical memory
Short term memory capacity
7 +or- 2 (5-9)
Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things. Like walking or typing. Helps us automate
procedural memory
Rebuilding a memory out of stored elements. A real memory but changed a little
Reconstruction
Memory for personal experiences. Experienced first hand
Episodic memory
Remembering when, where, and how a memory was acquired. Can produce false memories when attributed to wrong source
Source monitoring
Iconic memories. Represent visual images (seeing)
Visual codes
Passive storage. Single process at a time
Short term memory
A connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences. Concepts activate closely related concepts
Spreading activation model
Retrieval from STM
We search through one item at a time rather than retrieving its contents all at once
Consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize. Knowing that
Declarative memory
An extension of the concept of short term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of info simultaneously
Working memory
Glutamates role in memory
Involved in memory formation
Unconscious, effortlessly retrieval memory that is difficult to verbalize. Knowing how
Nondeclarative memory
Tools for improving memory
Distributed practice, take tests, blocking vs interweaving (focus on one topic or combine topics), recite, sleep, mnemonics
Associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. Provides us with an objective understanding of our world
Semantic memory
Deep processing
Based on actual meaning associated with word. Elaborative processing/rehearsal. Linking info with things already known
A process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of info when encoded. Chewing gum while studying
Encoding specificity
The recovery of stored info. Pulling memories out of the brain
Retrieval
Three types of memory in Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory
Superior memory of autobiographical memory
Hyperthymesia
The likelihood that an item on a word list will be remembered depends on its position in the list
Serial position effect. Better at beginning and end
Later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier. New info wins
Retroactive interference
The retention of info. Putting info into the brain
Storage
The phenomenon of not being able to fully retrieve a word you are looking for but to have some partial recall
Tip of the tongue
Three types of declarative memory
Semantic, episodic, and autobiographical
A set of expectations about objects and situations
Schema
Two types of non declarative memory
Procedural memory and priming
Confusion between real and imagined memories
Confabulation
Change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus. Being shown a queen and being asked to say a word starting with k and saying king
Priming
Levels of processing theory
More likely to recall info processed on a deep level
Holds large amounts of incoming data fro brief amounts of time (a second or less)
Sensory memory
The transformation of info from one form to another. Turing info into something the brain can make sense of
Encoding
Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later. Old info wins
Proactive interference
Any stimulus that helps you access target info. Helps trigger your memory
Cue
Shallow processing
Based on auditory or visual levels, sound, structure, or appearance of a word. Maintenance rehearsal. Memorization
Declarative memory brain location
Cerebral cortex (lobes)
Echoic memories. Represent sounds and words (hearing)
Acoustic memories
How can the duration of short term memory be improved?
Rehearsal
Holds a small amount of info for a limited time (30 seconds at most)
Short term memory
Nondeclarative memory brain location
Basal ganglia
Patient HM
Hippocampi removed. Could not form new declarative memories. Still had non declarative memories and could form new ones
Failure to retrieve unpleasant or threatening info. Will yourself to forget
Motivated forgetting
