Memory

Question 1

Episodic memory

Answer 1

Memory of events/ episodes eg. First day of school.

Long term memory

Question 2

Semantic memory

Answer 2

Knowledge based memory eg. Lessons.

Question 3

Procedural memory

Answer 3

Muscle/ action based memory eg. How to ride a bike or swim.

Question 4

What is memory?

Answer 4

The process of retaining information after the original materials is no longer present and being able to retrieve what has been stored.

Question 5

Multi store model

Answer 5

Sensory ___ STM___ LTM

Register

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

The process of the transformation of sensory input (e.g sound, image) Into a form that allows it to be stored and registered in the memory.

Question 7

What are the three main types of encoding?

Answer 7

Visual (image),acoustic (sound) and semantic (meaning).

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

Holding or retaining information.

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

Recovering stored information.

Question 10

How long is short term memory

Answer 10

Between 18-30 seconds otherwise it’s classed as long term memory.

Question 11

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 11

Miller’s (1956) 7+ or -2

Question 12

Unitary

Answer 12

‘Single’ stores

Question 13

Non unitary

Answer 13

More than one store

Question 14

What is the multi store model of memory

Answer 14

A structural model that argues there are three separate distinct memory stores, the sensory register, short term store and long-term store.

Question 15

(Sensory memory) Iconic register

Answer 15

Deals with visual information

Question 16

(Sensory memory) Echoic register

Answer 16

Deals with the auditory (sound) information

Question 17

(Sensory memory) Haptic register

Answer 17

Is concerned with touch

Question 18

Encoding in short-term memory

Answer 18

Encoding in the short term memory is largely acoustic (sound)

Question 19

Encoding in long term memory

Answer 19

Research identified a preference for semantic encoding (coding based on the meaning of information)

Question 20

Capacity of LTM

Answer 20

LTM is unlimited, although it can be lost through interference.

Question 21

Strengths of multi store model

Answer 21

-Gives us an understanding of the STM -Allows researchers to expand on the model

Question 22

Limitations of the multi store model

Answer 22

• If a person has gone through a traumatic event it will instantly go to long-term memory
• Stores may be non-unitary or unitary

Question 23

Retrieval failure (absence of cues)

Answer 23

LTM is thought to be the result of retrieval failure due to absence of queues, therefore forgetting in LTM is thought to be due largely to a lack of accessibility rather than a lack of availability i.e, the memory is still there we just can’t access it when we need to.

Question 24

Proactive interference

Answer 24

Where old (previous) learning prevents recall of more recent information.

Question 25

Retroactive interference

Answer 25

Where new (recent) learning prevents recall of previously learnt information

Question 26

Explanations of forgetting

Answer 26

• Interference- proactive&retroactive

* Retrieval failure (absence of cues)

Question 27

Factors influencing eyewitness testimony

Answer 27

• Misleading information and post event discussion

* Anxiety

Question 28

Misleading information and post event discussion

Answer 28

Evidence has suggested that recall of events can be affected by misleading information received after an event

Misleading information usually takes the form of a question or statement to an eyewitness the wrong implies that something happened when it didn’t

Question 29

Research for misleading information on eyewitness testimony

Answer 29

Loftus 1975 barn and stop sign

Loftus concluded that some of the participants had absorbed the misleading post event information into their original memory for the event

Question 30

Post event discussion

Answer 30

A conversation between co-witnesses or an interviewer and an eyewitness after a crime is taken place which may contaminate of witnesses memory for the event.

In the real world eye witnesses are often exposed to misleading information from other witnesses (known as co-witnesses).

Question 31

Research of post event discussion

Answer 31

Gabert et al, Carried out an experiment in which eyewitnesses (younger and older adults) watched a short film of a girl stealing money from my wallet.
They took part individually or in pairs those pairs are led to believe that they were watching the same film as their co witness.

They concluded that post event discussion influences the accuracy of eyewitness testimony post event discussion can lead to information being incorporated wrongly into the eyewitness’ recall, resulting in reconstructive memory

Question 32

What is cognitive interview

Answer 32

• A police technique for interviewing witnesses to the crime that attempts to increase the accessibility of stored information by using multiple retrieval strategies.
• Avoid the use of direct questioning
• Encourages individuals to recreate original context in their head to increased recall.

Question 33

What does the cognitive interview involve in improving accuracy of EWT

Answer 33

• mental reinstatement (mentally recreate of incident)
• report everything (every single detail)
• change order (reversing and getting the witness to recall what happened backwards which prevents pre existing schema influencing recall)
• change perspective (imagining someone’s else’s perspective on the incident)