Memory

Question 1

Memory is essential for…

Answer 1

thought
reasoning
learning
understanding
identity 
communicating

Question 2

people think, feel and act on the basis of

Answer 2

information that is no loner present (memory)

Question 3

Operational definition of memory

Answer 3

the mechanism we use to create, maintain, receive, and apply information of the past

learning cannot happen without memory

who and what you are is a conglomeration of your memories

Question 4

Three operations of memory

Answer 4

Encoding
-puts information into memory

Storage
-holds on to information in memory

Retrieval
-get back information from memory

Question 5

Three stage model of memory

Answer 5

• sensory memory (SM)
• short term memory (STM)
• long term memory (LTM)

Question 6

Atkinson and Shiffrin made

Answer 6

information processing model; three stage model; traditional model of memory

Stimuli —> Sm –> STM where it is activated then sent to storage to LTM or pulled back from LTM to STM

Question 7

Sensory Memory

Answer 7

• preserves sensory information in its original sensory form for a belief moment (a fraction of a second)
• allows for sensation of visual pattern, touch, and sound to linger after stimulation has ended (acts like an afterimage)
• storage system for sensory informations for a very short amount of time

Question 8

2 forms of sensory memory

Answer 8

1) iconic memory
- sensory register for visual stimuli

2) echoic memory
- sensory register for auditory stimuli

Question 9

STM

Answer 9

short term memory

sensory memory is transferred to working memory (WM) or short term memory (STM)

STM holds and processes information for about 30 seconds

STM holds to information long enough to be actively worked on or processed by the brain

-use it or lose it

Question 10

What did George Miller study, discover, and what was typical result?

Answer 10

studied STM capacity
discovered the magic number

did the letter or number span test: how much can a person remember

result: 5-9 items
(7+/-2)

also discovered chunking: a collection of small, meaningful, and manageable units; example of top down processing; helps increase amount of information able to held in STM

Question 11

What did Baddeley and Hitch discover, accounts for what

Answer 11

Working memory (WM)

• limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of complex tasks such as comprehension, reasoning, and learning
• revised version of STM
• made working memory model including phonological loop, central executive, and visuospatial sketch pad
• accounts for active process in cognition such as math, language, and problem solving
• can multitask; do two things at once so this suggests septette components in WM

Question 12

Phonological Loop

Answer 12

for verbal and auditory information

Question 13

Central executive

Answer 13

helps multitask; “conductor”

Question 14

Visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 14

for visual and spatial information

Question 15

LTM

Answer 15

-relatively permanent and limitless storage where in knowledge, skills, and experience are stored and relate to one another

duration and capacity is unlimited unlike STM

Question 16

Whats your earliest memory?

Answer 16

ALL memories are storied in LTM

Question 17

Organization of LTM

Answer 17

Semantic network: information organized based on meaning
-like a web concept and similar to schema

LTM

1) declarative memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
2) procedural memory/skill memory/action memory

Question 18

Best way to remember something

Answer 18

elaborative rehearsal: focus on meaning of material when rehearsal; relate new information to existing, familiar, and meaningful information

Question 19

Declarative memory

Answer 19

” I know how things are”
-information on facts and events that you recall consciously aka declare
1) episodic memory
-“im special” “its all about you”
-personal recollection (self-knowing, self-remembering)
-you are in memory even if outsider and watching in
-mental time travel: birthdays, holidays, what you ate last week
2) semantic memory
Just about facts (not relating to you)
-not personal information
-not specific experiences
-no memory about how got information

Question 20

Procedural memory
(other names, definition)

Answer 20

action memory
skill memory
memory of how to do something
-difficult to link to language
-dont know how you remember

Question 21

How to get information out of LTM

Answer 21

Retrieval cues: stimulus (place, event or feeling) that is linked to a specific. memory

Question 22

Types of retrieval cues

Answer 22

1) priming
- activating associations formed in memory
- accessing relevant nodes in semantic network
- usually done unconsciously
2) context
- memory retrieval is better when it occurs in the same place or context as when the memory was initially formed
e. g. looking at old photos or taking test in same classroom
3) state/mood
- memory retrieval is better when in the same physical, mental and emotional state when the memory was encoded
e. g. whatever you learn when drunk you’ll remember when drunk; whatever you learn when your happy you’ll remember when happy

Question 23

Constructionist theory

Answer 23

memory is a constructive process
every time is recalled, memory is built and rebuilt

memory can be distorted

recall is better when consistent preexisting schemas

Question 24

Flashbulb memories

Answer 24

highly detailed, exceptionally vivid, snap shot of the moment which was surprising, emotionally arousing, or consequential

episodic memory
emotionally charged
*detail and confidence is high but accuracy is not

Question 25

What did Elizabeth Loftus discover?

Answer 25

misinformation effect

• memory can be influenced by post event information
• suggestion is very powerful in the shape of recall of events

Question 26

What did Loftus and Palmer discover?

Answer 26

misinformation effect when exposed to misleading information, tend to misremember events
demonstrated power of suggestion to shape recall of events