Learning Flashcards
Learning definition, function
a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience serves an adaptive and intelligent function
Types of learning
- classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning 3. cognitive learning
Learning =_______
conditioning
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
-he studied salivation and digestive processes in dogs -was not a psychologist instead physiologist -stumbled upon principles of classical conditioning (learned behavior is shaped through conditioning process)
Classical conditioning definition, allows us to, involves what processes (in general)
a learning response that involves a reflexive response to one stimulus becomes linked to another stimulus; a reflexive response to a stimulus is transferred to a related, NS -allows us to link items together and anticipate events -stimulus–> response (like behaviorism)
US
unconditioned stimulus a stimulus that produces a unlearned, automatic response (reflexive action)
UR
unconditioned response the unlearned, automatic response (reflexive action) to US
NS
neutral stimulus -a stimulus on its own that evokes no response prior to conditioning -any response to this stimulus must be learned
CS
conditioned stimulus - a NS that has become associated with a US that evokes a UR -CS is the NS that now can produce a similar UR (CR) without US -a stimulus we have learned to respond to
CR
conditioned response -a learned response to CS -similar response of UR - a response we have learned to make
Acquisition
the processes of linking a NS with a US until NS by itself can trigger the UR -The NS “acquires” properties of US
What happens after classical conditioning?
1) extinction -the disappearance or weakening of CR to CS by following removal of US 2) spontaneous recovery -reappearance of CR (learned response) after extinction has occurred bc learning is RELATIVELY permanent
Little Albert conditioning NS US UR CS CR
NS=white rat US= loud noise UR= fear CS=white rat CR=fear
Phenomena after classical conditioning
1) generalization -associating stimuli similar to CS as the CS; things similar to CS will cause a similar response 2) discrimination -the ability to distinguish between CS and unrelated stimuli; not associating stimuli that are dissimilar to CS with CS
Before conditioning
US—-> UR NS—-> not UR
During conditioning
US+NS—–> UR where acquisition occurs
After conditioning
CS——->CR *US is removed *NS becomes CS *CR is UR
Classical conditioning vs operant conditioning
Classical conditioning: learning results from association between stimuli we have no control over; involves respondent behavior-automatic responses to stimulus Operant conditioning: learning results from association between behavior and consequences; involves reward and punishment -outcomes generated by behavior
Elaborate on consequences in operant conditioning
it is neutral in a sense; the outcome can be positive or negative
Edward Thorndike what did he study, what he wanted to know, what did he invent, what did this inspire, developed what and in general what is it)
-he studied the behavior in cats -he wanted to know how cats solved problems -he invented 5he “puzzle box” -this inspired the “Skinner’s box” -he developed the LAW OF EFFECT: behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated
Law of Effect (discovered by, components of law)
- discovered by Thorndike -frequency of behavioral response depends on consequences
1) reinforcement - responses that have a satisfying consequence will more likely to be strengthened and more likely to occur again
2) Punishment - responses that lead to discomfort are weakened and less likey to occur again
B.F. Skinner
(what did he discover)
- discovered operant conditioning
- organisms learn responses that operate on the environment to produce consequences
Punshiment: decrease behavior
reinforcement: increase behavior
also discovered radical behaviorim
- all behavior is a result of its enviroment
- free will is an illusion
Why are responses “operant”?
responses operate on stimuli on the environment
-concerned with the effect of consequences on behavior
Reinforcers
Stimuli or events that increase the likelihood that the behavior it follows will be repeated again
if you like it, youll do it again
Discrimitative Stimulus
- a principle for operant conditioning
- a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if a particular response is made
- lets you know when you can do behavior
Types of reinforcement
definition and examples
Positive reinforcement: reinforcement by adding something pleasant
do a trick get a treat
Negative reinforcement: reinforcement by removing something unpleasant
stop noise by putting on seatbelt
Types of Reinforcer
1) primary reinforcer
- something innately satisfying-no learning requires
similar to US
2) secondary reinforcer
- a stimulus with learned value
- similar to CS
When is reinforcement delivered?
1) continuous reinforcement
- every response is reinforced
2) partial reinforcement
- only portion of responses are reinforced
2 types of partial reinforcement
1) ratio schedules: fixed or variable
- based on response
2) interval schedules: fixed or variable
- based on time
Fixed ratio schedule
definiton, effect, examples
reinforcement follows a fixed number of operant responses
effect: pause in behavior after reward
e. g lifitng weights, factory worker
Variable ratio schedule
definiton, effect, examples
Reinforcement is delivered follwoing an average number of operant responses
effect: steady rate of responding
E.g. 777
Fixed interval schdeule
definiton, effect, examples
Reinforcemnt delivered after a fixed amount of time after inital response
effect: response rate increases as reinforcer appraches
e. g holidays, birthdays, dental appts
variable interval schedule
definiton, effect, examples
reinforcement delivered an average amount of time after initial response
effect: regular rate of response
e. g pop quiz
Punishment
definition
consequence that weakens or suppresses a response
Types of punishment
definiton, examples
Postive punishment:
- introduction of adversive (negative) stimulus
e. g spanking
Negative punishment:
removal of desired (postive) stimulus
e.g. grounding
Reinforcement vs punishment in general
Reinforcment:
Strengthen behavior
+ reinforcement = add/get something good
- reinforcment= lose something bad
Punishment:
weakens behavior
+ punishemnt: add/get something bad
- punishment: lose something good
Behavior: you mouth off to someone bigger than you at a bar
Consequnce: you get punched in the face
postive punishment
Behavior: you fail all your courses
Consequence: you get kicked off football team
negative punishment
Drawbacks of punishment
- may suppress behavior but will not eliminate it
- may become abusive
- may represent a form of inappropriate modeling
- does not teach new behavior
- can have unexpected and undesirable consequences
