Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage system

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

holding onto information for some period of time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

Very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

Question 7

Masking

Answer 7

the process of info from iconic memory being pushed out by new info

Question 8

Eidetic imagery

Answer 8

the rare ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

Question 9

Echoic memory

Answer 9

brief memory of something a person has just heard

Question 10

Selective attention

Answer 10

Seeing and hearing everything but only paying attention to a certain stimulus (eg name)

Question 11

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 11

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

Coordinates, interprets, manipulates the information

Question 13

Long-term memory

Answer 13

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

Question 15

Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 15

Type of long term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses

Question 16

Declarative memory

Answer 16

long term memory containing information that is conscious and known (memory for facts)

Question 17

Semantic

Answer 17

containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education

Question 18

Episodic

Answer 18

containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

Question 19

Retrieval cues

Answer 19

Stimulus for remembering

Question 20

Encoding specificity

Answer 20

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

Question 21

State-dependent learning

Answer 21

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state

Question 22

Recall

Answer 22

Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled “ from memory with very few external cues

Question 23

Retrieval failure

Answer 23

recall has failed (at least temporarily), “tip of the tongue phenomenon”

Question 24

Serial position effect

Answer 24

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

Question 25

Primacy effect

Answer 25

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

Question 26

Recency effect

Answer 26

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it

Question 27

Recognition

Answer 27

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

Question 28

False positive

Answer 28

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory

Question 29

Consolidation

Answer 29

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

Question 30

Constructive processing

Answer 30

the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

Question 31

False memory syndrome

Answer 31

the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis

Question 32

Hindsight bias

Answer 32

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

Question 33

Misinformation effect

Answer 33

the tendency of misleading info presented as an event to alter the memories of the event itself