Development

Question 1

Longitudinal design

Answer 1

one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

Question 2

Cross-sectional design

Answer 2

several different age groups are studied at one particular point of time

Question 3

Cross-sequential design

Answer 3

participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed

Question 4

Nature

Answer 4

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 5

Nurture

Answer 5

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 6

4 critical areas of adjustment for the newborn (physical development)

Answer 6

Respiration, digestion, circulation, temperature regulation

Question 7

Infants are born with reflexes that help it survive

Answer 7

sucking, rooting, moro (startle) grasping, stepping reflex, babinski (toes fan out when foot is touched)

Question 8

Human development

Answer 8

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

Question 9

teratogen

Answer 9

any substance or factor that can cause a birth defect

Question 10

critical periods

Answer 10

environmental influences can have a heavy impact on infant development

Question 11

Cognitive development

Answer 11

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory scheme

Question 12

Schema

Answer 12

mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

Question 13

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 13

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operations, Formal operations

Question 14

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 14

the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment

Question 15

object permanence

Answer 15

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

Question 16

Preoperational stage

Answer 16

the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

Question 17

Egocentricism

Answer 17

the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes

Question 18

Centration

Answer 18

the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

Question 19

Conservation

Answer 19

the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature

Question 20

Irreversibility

Answer 20

the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action

Question 21

Formal operations stage

Answer 21

development of abstract reasoning, the ability to think of and test hypotheses, can think of logical possibilities for hypothetical events

Question 22

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

Answer 22

trust vs mistrust → autonomy vs shame and doubt → initiative vs guilt → industry vs inferiority → identity vs role confusion → intimacy vs isolation →generativity vs stagnation → ego integrity vs despair

Question 23

trust vs mistrust

Answer 23

0-1 year old

The infant’s basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care

Question 24

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 24

2-3 years old

The toddler strives for physical independence

Question 25

initiative vs guilt

Answer 25

3-5 years old The preschool-aged child strives for emotional and psychological independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world

Question 26

industry vs inferiority

Answer 26

6-13 years old | Child strives for a sense of competence and self-esteem

Question 27

identity vs role confusion

Answer 27

13-20something | The adolescent must find a consistent sense of self

Question 28

Gender identity

Answer 28

perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender

Question 29

Gender expression

Answer 29

the behavior associated with being male or female

Question 30

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 30

The young adult is able to share the self with others, or another, without losing individuality

Question 31

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 31

The adult is challenged to be creative, productive, and to nurture the next generation

Question 32

Temperament

Answer 32

the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

Question 33

Easy

Answer 33

regular, adaptable, and happy

Question 34

Difficult

Answer 34

irregular, nonadaptable, and irritable

Question 35

Slow to warm up

Answer 35

need to adjust gradually to change

Question 36

Attachment

Answer 36

the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

Question 37

Secure

Answer 37

willing to explore, upset when mother departs but easily soothed upon her return

Question 38

Avoidant

Answer 38

unattached; explore without "touching base"

Question 39

Ambivalent

Answer 39

insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and angry with mother upon her return

Question 40

Disorganized

Answer 40

disoriented: insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; seemed fearful, dazed, and depressed

Question 41

Vygotsky's theory of learning

Answer 41

scaffolding and zone of proximal development

Question 42

scaffolding

Answer 42

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Question 43

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 43

the difference between what a child can do alone and | what that child can do with the help of a teacher.

Question 44

Kohlberg's levels of morality

Answer 44

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 45

preconventional morality

Answer 45

the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

Question 46

conventional morality

Answer 46

the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

Question 47

postconventional morality

Answer 47

moral principles are defined and are used to determine right from wrong. These may not always be the same as societal norms

Question 48

concrete operations stage

Answer 48

The school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking