Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Question 3

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 3

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 5

can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS

Question 8

Stimulus generalization

Answer 8

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Question 9

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 9

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Question 12

Primary reinforcer

Answer 12

naturally reinforcing by meting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Question 13

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 13

becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 16

Shaping

Answer 16

reinforcements of simple steps in behavior that leads to a desired, more complex behavior

Question 17

Successive approximations

Answer 17

small steps in behavior, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Question 18

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 18

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Question 19

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 19

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Question 20

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 20

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trail or event

Question 21

Variable interval schedule

Answer 21

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Question 22

Extinction

Answer 22

occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced

Question 23

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

reinforcement of each and every response

Question 24

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 24

tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Question 26

Cognitive learning theory

Answer 26

Early days of learning focus on behavior

Question 27

Latent learning

Answer 27

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Question 28

Insight

Answer 28

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Question 29

Observational learning

Answer 29

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Question 30

Learning/performance distinction

Answer 30

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior