Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

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2
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

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3
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Acquisition

A

the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS

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8
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

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9
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated

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10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

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11
Q

Reinforcement

A

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

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12
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

naturally reinforcing by meting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

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13
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

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14
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

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15
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

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16
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcements of simple steps in behavior that leads to a desired, more complex behavior

17
Q

Successive approximations

A

small steps in behavior, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior

18
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

19
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

20
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trail or event

21
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

22
Q

Extinction

A

occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced

23
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcement of each and every response

24
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

25
Q

Punishment

A

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

26
Q

Cognitive learning theory

A

Early days of learning focus on behavior

27
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

28
Q

Insight

A

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

29
Q

Observational learning

A

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

30
Q

Learning/performance distinction

A

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior