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NHB > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of learning and memory?

A
  1. Encoding of information into memory
  2. Storage of information within memory system
  3. Retrieval of stored information from memory
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2
Q

What are the features of the multi-store model of memory?

A
  1. Modality-specific sensory stores
  2. Short-term store of very limited capacity
  3. Long-term store of unlimited capacity
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3
Q

What is the iconic store?

A

Brief sensory store for visual information

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4
Q

How quickly does information in the iconic store decay?

A

In less than a second

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5
Q

What is the echoic store?

A

Brief sensory store for auditory information

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6
Q

How quickly does information in the echoic store decay?

A

Two seconds

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7
Q

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A

~7 integrated units of information

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8
Q

How can information be retained in short-term memory?

A

Rehearsal

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9
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

The last few items in a list are more likely to be recalled because they are still in short-term memory

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10
Q

What is the cause of short-term memory forgetting?

A

Interference

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11
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

The first few items in a list are more likely to be recalled because they have moved to long-term memory

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12
Q

What are the criticisms of the multi-store model?

A
  1. Assumes that short-term memory processing is necessary for encoding into long-term memory
  2. Assumes that only amount of rehearsal correlates with conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory
  3. Assumes that each store only operates in a single unitary way
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13
Q

What are the four primary components of the working memory model?

A
  1. Phonological loop
  2. Visuospatial sketchpad
  3. Multimodal episodic buffer
  4. Modality-free central executive
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14
Q

What is the role of the central executive?

A

Selects and initiates cognitive processing routines

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15
Q

What is the standard forgetting curve?

A

Retention decreases as retention interval increases, but rate of forgetting slows down

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16
Q

What is the consolidation period?

A

Period of time during which new memories are vulnerable but are being strengthened

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17
Q

What are the factors that influence how a permanent representation of information is encoded and stored?

A
  1. Practice
  2. Level of processing
  3. Organisation
  4. Spacing
  5. Active retrieval
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18
Q

How does practice improve retrieval?

A

Improves accuracy to 100%

Following perfect recall, practice decreases retrieval time

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19
Q

How does level of processing affect recall?

A

Greater depth of processing creates more richly encoded or elaborate memory representation

Semantic processing and self-generation provide subject with richer and more elaborate code, which yields additional retrieval routes

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20
Q

How does organisation affect retrieval?

A

A mechanism for cueing the memory of individual items improves memory

More systematic way of going through memory and retrieving information

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21
Q

How does spacing affect retrieval?

A

Memory is better for repeated information if it is spaced out over time rather than lumped together

For long-term retention, spaced out study is better

For short-term retention, massed study is better (cramming)

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22
Q

What is active retrieval?

A

Practising retrieval whilst studying

More powerful learning activity than active encoding

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23
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Principle that retrieval is more likely if cues available at recall are the same as those present during encoding

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24
Q

What are schemas?

A

Knowledge structures that we build upon to store new facts and use to reconstruct memories

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25
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Forgetting of events prior to the trauma

Gradient of forgetting diminishes with more remote memories and may recover with time

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26
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to retain new information and build new memories

Inability to learn

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27
Q

What are the features of medial temporal lobe amnesia?

A
  1. Profound, polymodal anterograde amnesia for verbal and non-verbal material
  2. Severe recognition memory deficit
  3. Mild retrograde amnesia
  4. Intact digit and spatial span (short-term memory)
  5. Preserved IQ
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28
Q

What is the result of a unilateral right medial temporal lobe lesion?

A

Non-verbal memory deficit

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29
Q

What is the result of a unilateral left medial temporal lobe lesion?

A

Verbal memory deficit

30
Q

What are the features of diencephalic amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia

Includes damage to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus and Korsakoff’s syndrome

31
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Patient cannot recognise objects, name them or use them correctly but can identify them by selecting the correct drawing and can draw them accurately

32
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Patient can name the object but cannot draw it

Cannot name the object if it is presented in an unusual way

33
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Explicit memory

Memory of facts (semantic) and events (episodic)

34
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Implicit memory

Memory of skills

Learn through performance

Includes classical conditioning

35
Q

Which brain structures might procedural memory involve?

A
  1. Basal ganglia

2. Cerebellum

36
Q

What does the delayed non-matching to sample task test?

A

Recognition memory

37
Q

What does the lifesaver motor skill task test?

A

Skill learning

38
Q

What kind of cortical damage are impairments to recognition memory associated with?

A

Damage to rhinal cortex within the medial temporal lobe

39
Q

Which cortical projections are crucial for visual recognition memory?

A

Projections from inferotemporal cortex to rhinal cortex

40
Q

What does damage to the amygdala affect?

A

Affective/motivational/emotional memory

Loss of fear conditioning

41
Q

What is the allocortex?

A

Primitive cortex

Hippocampus and dentate gyrus

42
Q

What lies between the allocortex and the neocortex?

A
  1. Subiculum
  2. Parahippocampal cortex

also primitive cortex, some is transitional

43
Q

How many layers does allocortex have?

A

3

44
Q

How many layers does transitional cortex have?

A

4-5

45
Q

What is the hippocampus proper divided into?

A

Three longitudinal layers

CA1, CA2 and CA3

46
Q

What do the CA areas consist of?

A

Pyramidal output cells

47
Q

What does the dentate gyrus consist of?

A

Granule input cells

48
Q

What are the three main classes of afferent connections to the hippocampus?

A
  1. All major cortical association areas
  2. Subcortical structures
  3. Non-specific arousal systems
49
Q

Where do cortical association areas project to?

A

Entorhinal cortex

50
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex send afferents to?

A

Dentate gyrus granule cells

51
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A

Afferents from entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus granule cells because these fibres are said to perforate hippocampal fissure in reaching their destination

52
Q

What does the perforant pathway synapse onto?

A
  1. Granule cells

2. Apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells

53
Q

How do the CA3 cells project to CA1 cells?

A

Via Schaffer collaterals

54
Q

What do the CA1 cells project to?

A

The subiculum

55
Q

What are the two major sets of hippocampal efferent connections?

A
  1. Projections from subiculum and entorhinal cortex to neocortex
  2. Projections from CA3 and subiculum through the fimbria-fornix to structures such as the hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus and nucleus accumbens
56
Q

What is Papez circuit?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Mammillary body
  3. Thalamus
  4. Cingulate cortex
  5. Hippocampus
57
Q

How do dentate gyrus granule cells project onto CA3 cells?

A

Mossy fibres

58
Q

What is the effect of CA1 cell degeneration?

A

Loss of episodic memory

59
Q

Which brain structure is important for spatial memory?

A

Hippocampus

60
Q

What does the Morris Water Maze test?

A

Spatial memory

61
Q

What type of memory is navigational memory?

A

Episodic memory

Spatial memory

62
Q

How is learning influenced in the hippocampus?

A

Unsupervised learning system

General state may influence level and/or rate of learning via non-specific arousal pathways

Back-projections to neocortex

63
Q

What are the five properties of long-term potentiation that make it a useful synaptic model for learning and memory?

A
  1. Rapidly induced
  2. Long-lasting
  3. Synapse specific
  4. Associative in nature (CA1 only)
  5. Also seen in neocortex
64
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in the hippocampus?

A

Glutamate (excitatory)

65
Q

What are the three types of glutamate receptor?

A
  1. Quisqualate
  2. Kainate
  3. NMDA
66
Q

Which glutamate receptors mediate normal fast transmission?

A

Quisqualate and kainate

67
Q

What is the effect of specific activation of NMDA receptors?

A

No effect

68
Q

What is AP5?

A

Specific NMDA antagonist

69
Q

What is the effect of AP5?

A

Blocks LTP development in CA3-CA1 pathway

70
Q

What are NMDA receptors involved in?

A

LTP and spatial learning

NHB (17 decks)

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