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NHB > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Disorder of speech

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2
Q

Where is language processed in the brain?

A

Dominant hemisphere (usually left)

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area

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3
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A
  1. Loss of grammar
  2. Correct selection of nouns
  3. Cannot repeat complex sentences
  4. Comprehend language that they hear
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4
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Brodmann’s area 44/45

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5
Q

What kind of damage causes Broca’s aphasia?

A
  1. Broca’s area
  2. Surrounding frontal fields
  3. Underlying white matter
  4. Insula and basal ganglia
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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  1. Effortless, melodic and normal rate of speech
  2. Unintelligible content
  3. Frequent wrong words or phonemes
  4. Cannot comprehend sentences
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7
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Brodmann’s area 22

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8
Q

What kind of damage causes Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  1. Posterior sector of left auditory association cortex
  2. Medial temporal gyrus
  3. Underlying white matter
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9
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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10
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Fibre tracts

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11
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Damage to fibre tracts connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Impairment in repetition of spoken word

Absence of spontaneous speech deficits or word comprehension

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12
Q

Which experiments have confirmed the laterality of language processing?

A
  1. Split brain experiments

2. The WADA procedure

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13
Q

What occurred in the split brain experiments?

A
  1. Treatment of epilepsy
  2. Severed the corpus callosum and anterior commissure
  3. Task took advantage of the fact that somatosensory information from the right hand was processed in the left hemisphere and vice versa
  4. Object in right hand could be named but object in left could not
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14
Q

What kind of stimuli does the right hemisphere primarily respond to?

A

Non-verbal stimuli

Pictorial

Rudimentary written commands

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15
Q

Where is prosody processed?

A

Right hemisphere

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16
Q

What is prosody?

A

Emotional and tonal colouring of language

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17
Q

What is the effect of damage to the anterior right hemisphere?

A

Inappropriate intonation in speech

18
Q

What is the effect of damage to the posterior right hemisphere?

A

Difficulty interpreting emotion in speech

19
Q

What is the WADA procedure?

A

Short acting anaesthetic, such as sodium amytal, injected into right or left internal carotid artery, anaesthetising the ipsilateral hemisphere

Speech then assessed

Enables determination of dominant speech-processing hemisphere

20
Q

What is transcortical motor aphasia?

A
  1. Speak non-fluently

2. Can repeat very long sentences

21
Q

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

A
  1. Poor comprehension
  2. Can repeat sentences
  3. Can make grammatical corrections
22
Q

How is the written word processed?

A
  1. Visual cortex
  2. Angular gyrus
  3. Wernicke’s area
23
Q

Which parts of the brain are activated by passively viewing words?

A

Striate and extra-striate cortex

24
Q

Which parts of the brain are activated by listening to words?

A
  1. Primary and secondary auditory cortex

2. Wernicke’s area

25
Q

Which parts of the brain are activated by repeating words?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Supplementary motor cortex
  3. Broca’s area
26
Q

Which parts of the brain are activated by generating words?

A
  1. Frontal cortex

2. Temporal cortex

27
Q

What is anomia?

A

Category-specific naming deficits

28
Q

Where is the greatest volumetric loss of grey matter seen in the brain with ageing?

A
  1. Lateral prefrontal cortex

2. Hippocampus

29
Q

Where is the greatest loss of white matter seen in the brain with ageing?

A

Tracts linking fronto-temporal areas

30
Q

Which functional processes become less efficient with age?

A
  1. Speed of processing
  2. Working memory
  3. Inhibitory function
  4. Long-term memory
31
Q

Which functional processes are resistant to cognitive ageing?

A
  1. Conceptual representations

2. Vocabulary

32
Q

How do age-related auditory deficits impair language?

A

Peripheral hearing loss reduces auditory signal richness, meaning more central resources are utilised in interpreting the auditory input such that less is available for processing

33
Q

What are the general resources theories?

A

Cognitive processes share a finite pool of resources

  1. Fluid intelligences
  2. Working memory
  3. Cognitive control
34
Q

What is the degraded signal account?

A

Stronger emphasis on visual and auditory systems as regulators of cognitive performance in old age

35
Q

What is the result of decline in perceptual processes?

A

Incomplete or erroneous input

Impairs lexical selection

Impairs subsequent linguistic processes

36
Q

What is the transmission defect hypothesis?

A

Connections between representations of words are stronger for those of frequent and recent usage

37
Q

What causes word finding difficulties?

A

Weak connections between different levels of language representations

38
Q

What is functional compensation?

A

More bilateral and widespread word-processing in older adults

39
Q

What is elderspeak?

A

Speech adopted to address older adults to compensate for their deficits

  1. Exaggerated intonation
  2. Slower speech
  3. Repetition
  4. Elaboration
  5. Shorter sentences with simpler syntax
40
Q

Which aspects of elderspeak are effective?

A
  1. Syntactic simplification
  2. Semantic elaborations
  3. Repetition

NHB (17 decks)

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