Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
The process of retaining information over time - Information we retain over time.
What is the first stage of memory process?
encoding
What is encoding?
The process of transforming information to put it into memory
What us the second stage of the memory process?
storage
What is storage?
The process of maintaining information in our minds
What is the third stage of memory?
Retrieval
What is retrieval?
The process of taking information out of memory storage
What are the two ways you can retrieve memory?
recall and recognition
What is memory recall?
We consciously re-access a memory without having to be reminded of the memory first
What is memory recognition?
the ability to identify as familiar a stimulus or a situation that has been encountered previously
What are the 3 memory stores?
Sensory store, short term memory, long term memory
How does information flow through the 3 structures of memory?
Sensory store to short term memory due to attention
From the STM to LTM using maintenance rehearsal
What are the 3 properties of memory stores?
capacity, duration, coding
What is capacity?
The size of a storage space
What is Duration?
How long a memory store can keep information in it
What is coding?
What format things are stored in
Who created the multi store model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What is the multi store model?
First cognitive model of memory which explains how information flows through a series of storage systems and has three permanent structures: sensory register, short term memory and long term memory.
What is the capacity of the sensory memory?
very large
Who did the study for the capacity of the sensory store and what was it?
Sperling - He conducted a laboratory experiment investigating the capacity of the sensory register, 4 by 3 grids of letters were displayed for 50 milliseconds, There were two conditions: full grid recall or one-row recall
What were the findings of Sperlings study for capacity?
FINDINGS: 3/4 letters on each row were recalled
the sensory register has a large capacity
the sensory register has a short duration
What is the duration of the sensory store?
1/2 a second
What is the coding for the sensory store?
sense organ specific
What is the capacity got the STM?
7 +/- 2 items
Who did the study for capacity of the STM?
Miller
What is the duration for the STM?
18-30 seconds
Who did the study for the duration of the STM? and what was their aim?
Peterson and Peterson (1959) wanted to test the theory that information is quickly lost from short-term memory if its not rehearsed.
What was the method for Peterson and Peterson STM duration?
Laboratory experiment.
24 psychology students participated.
Participants had to try and recall random trigrams (three consecutive consonants like GPR) after different intervals of time (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 seconds).
During these intervals, participants had to count backwards from a random number in groups of three and four. This was to stop them from rehearsing the trigrams in their heads.
What were the results for Peterson and Peterson STM duration study?
- Participants could recall fewer trigrams as the time gap increased.
- 3-second interval - participants recalled 80% correctly.
- 6-second interval - participants recalled 50% correctly.
- 18-second interval - participants recalled 10% correctly.
What is the coding of the STM?
Mainly acoustic - by sound
What is the capacity of the LTM?
unlimited
What is the duration of the LTM?
potentially a lifetime
What is the coding of the LTM?
semantically - by meaning
Who did the study for coding in the LTM?
Baddeley - 4 groups and asked
participants to recall one of four lists of words that either sounded similar, sounded different, had similar meaning or a different meaning.
What were the findings for Badelleys coding sutdy?
Found that participants had more difficulty recalling acoustically similar words when tested immediately after learning.
Found participants had more difficulty recalling semantically similar words 20 minutes after learning.
What did Baddeley conclude from his coding study?
Concluded that short-term memory is encoded using acoustic coding and long-term memory is encoded using semantic coding.
Who did the study for functional separation of STM and LTM and what was the study called?
Murdock - primacy recency effect
What was Murdocks primacy recency effect study?
Words at the beginning of list (LTM) and end of the list (STM) recalled better than the words in the middle
What is the sensory store/register?
The sensory register is a temporary store that stores sensory information while we process it, info from the outside world in raw format
What is the STM?
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.
What is the LTM?
the continuous storage of information.
In Badelleys study for coding of the STM, The fact that participants who were given words that sounded different recalled the most words in the correct order, provides evidence that…
People use an acoustic code for short-term memory
In Badelleys study for coding of the LTM, The fact that the group given words with different meanings recalled the most number of words in the correct order, provides evidence that…
People use a semantic code for long-term memory
If a person damaged their short-term memory, what would happen to their long-term memory store?
Their long-term memory store would not be damaged.
They would no longer be able to transfer new information from the short-term memory store to the long-term memory store to store new memories.
What does the MSM predict?
Each memory store can be damaged independently
What is my first strength evaluation point for MSM?
A strength of the multi model is that there is evidence to support the functional separation of the short-term memory and long-term memory,
Murdock, 20 words list, serial position curve
What is my limitation strength evaluation point for MSM?
A limitation of the multi model is that it relies heavily on laboratory experiments which can be artificial in luck Monday realism
Murdock, baddeley, sperling (involve tasks which are far removed from how we use memory in everyday life)
What is my second strength evaluation point for MSM?
Another strength of the multi model is that it is supported by clinical evidence particularly for case studies of amnesic patients which demonstrate the independent functioning of short-term memory long-term memory
HM HIPAA campus removed to stop epileptic seizures he was unable to form new long-term memories
What is the distinction between the different types of long-term memory?
Declarative knowledge is stored in episode and semantic systems where as motor skills are stored as procedural knowledge
Procedural memory can be accessed without conscious awareness of its use. It is an implicit memory where is episodic and semantic memories are explicit memories as we are aware that we are retrieving information.
What are the two types of memories?
Procedural memories and declarative memories
What are procedural memories?
“knows how” an implicit memory that does not rely on conscious collection
What is declarative memory?
“Knowing that” - an explicit memory which can be consciously inspected
What are the two types of declarative memories?
Semantic and episodic
What are semantic memories?
Memory of general knowledge, meaningful info stored but not where or how it was learnt
Paris is the capital of France
What are episodic memories?
Memory for life events that we have experienced personally (first day of school) or been told about
What is a procedural memory?
Memory for motor skills such as riding a bike or changing gear without conscious thought
What are the two case studies to support the separate components of LTM
HM and Clive wearing
What was the case study of HM?
At 27 HM had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy. His memory was affected dramatically. He could recall most memories from before the operation but could not form new memories (episodic and semantic). Although he could not recall what he had eaten for breakfast, he could acquire a new procedural memories. He learnt to play tennis.
What was the Clive wearing case study?
Apply wearing with a famous musician who suffered a rare brain infection which left him with a memory only for current events. If asked if he could play the piano, declarative knowledge he would say no but he could in fact play the piano which was procedural knowledge.
What 3 parts of the brain in this order is active when we store: episodic, semantic and procedural memories?
- Hippocampus
- Temporal Lobe
- Cerebellum and prefrontal cortex
What does the multi store model predict about impairments in memory?
The multi-store model predicts that if people have damage to their short-term memory then this will also damage their ability to form new long-term memories
Who theorised the WMM (the best model of how memory works)?
Baddeley and Hitch
What does part of memory for the WMM delve deeper into?
the STM
What is the WMM?
a model of STM that refers to an active store which holds and manipulates information that is currently being consciously thought about
What does the WMM suggest?
That STM is made up of 3 components (that all store different types of memory) allowing for temporary storage of verbal and visuospatial material
The two main features of the working memory model are…
- Short-term memory is seen as an active store that manipulates information
- There are multiple components to short-term memory
What does the WMM suggest about carrying out tasks?
possible to carry out more than one task at the same time but only if one is verbal and one is visual
What is the phonological loop?
The phonological loop is the component of working memory that stores auditory or verbal and verbal or auditory information, and remembers the order that verbal information is presented.
When words are written down on a page, we use subvocal rehearsal to store them in the phonological loop.
What does the phonological loop deal with?
an auditory and verbal information we hear (Can also store verbal information that is written visually) - words on a street sign
What is subvocal rehearsal?
when we say the words in our heads
What is the phonological loop responsible for?
The maniuplation of auditory information (Acoustic coding) and preserve the order in which information arrives
What are the two subcomponents of the phonological loop?
- Articulatory control system
- Phonological store
What is the articulatory control system known as?
Inner voice
What is the articulatory control system?
Subvocal repetition of words and rehearse is spoken acoustic information but also converts written material into acoustic material ready for us to speak
What is the relation between the phonological store and the articulatory control system?
It rehearses spoken acoustic information from the phonological store convert written material to acoustic material and hold information ready for us to speak. This is used to prepare speech to think in words.
What is the phonological store?
Stores words recently hear and receives acoustic information from the environment and auditory information from the articulator control system such as words we hear it in our head - what we are thinking. Written words must be converted spoken words to enter the phonological store
The amount of information the articulatory process can store is determined by how many of these words you can say in 2 seconds. In other words…
The capacity of the articulatory process is determined by how many words we can say in 2 seconds.
The capacity of the articulatory process is determined by…
The amount of words we can say in 2 seconds
What is the visuospatial sketch pad?
The visuo-spatial sketchpad is a store for visual or spatial and spatial or visual information that doesn’t rely on rehearsal.
It deals with visual and spatial information and the relationship between them
What is the visuospatial sketch pad - also referred to as?
Inner eye
What are the two parts of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Visual cache and inner scribe
What does the visual cache store?
stores visual information
What does the inner scribe do?
stores spatial information, records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
How is information coded into the visual spatial sketchpad?
Through mental pictures and has a limited capacity of 3-4 objects
What is the episodic buffer?
The episodic buffer is a multi-modal store that combines information from all five senses to create a whole ‘scene’ of an event. This information can then be transferred to long-term memory to create episodic memories.
What is the capacity of the episodic buffer?
Limited capacity of 4 chunks
What does the episodic buffer do?
Connects visual, spatial and verbal information and maintains time sequncing.
If we have to hold a list of words, or a sequence of numbers in working memory, we use the…
phonological loop
When we want to hold information about someone’s face in working memory, we use the…
visuo-spatial sketchpad
And if we want to retain information about a whole event, we use the…
episodic buffer
What is the central executive?
A component of the working memory model that manages the activity of the three stores and is responsible for directing relevant information to each store and dividing our attention across the stores
What does the central executive do?
- allocates attention and controls attention processes
- it controls and coordinates the two slave systems deciding which information is attended to and which parts of the working memory to send that information to
What is the capacity of the central executive?
has a limited attentional capacity; if it is controlling one task, it is difficult to do another at the same time
What happens if you perform a demanding tasks using your phonological loop?
you will have less attention to allocate to whats going on in your visuospaital sketchpad and episodic buffer
What happens if one of the task requires too much attention, in terms of multitasking?
Wont have enough attention to perform the other tasks correctly - the CE has been overloaded
When does the CE become overloaded?
if we do lots of demanding tasks at once.
Who conducted the dual task lab study for the visual spatial sketchpad and what was the study?
Baddeley - he conducted a lab experiment and investigated the separate existence of the visual spatial sketchpad by art participants to complete two visual task simultaneously. One group of participants did two visual tasks and the second group did one verbal and one visual task.
The two visual tasks was tracking a light and describing the F or one visual task and one verbal task simultaneously.
What did Baddeley find from his dual task procedure study for the visual spatial sketchpad?
Found that participants performed better when doing one verbal and one visual task because they had to use different working memory stores.
He found that participant in more difficulty during the simultaneous visual task and a visual and verbal task and concluded that there must be a separate slave system that has a limited capacity to deal with the visual and spatial information
What is good about Baddeleys study for the visual spatial sketchpad?
The tasks in the study relate to the problems with dual task activities and every day life it explains the law why text and driving is banned as they both use the visual spatial sketch part of the working memory model and can lead to poor performance in one of them - application of the model
What was the case study that gave clinical evidence for the working memory model?
KF - due to brain damage in a motorcycle accident KF had poor memory for verbal material in the short-term memory but he could only process visual information. This suggests the only has phonological loop has been damaged and supports the existence a separate visual and acoustic stores as suggested by the working model.
STRENGTH: Brain imaging studies support the working memory model because they suggest that…
There are different stores for storing verbal and visual information
Different parts of the brain are active during visual and verbal working memory tasks
What happened to KF?
He lost the ability to recall verbal information in the phonological loop but could still retain visual information in the short term memory
A theory is falsifiable if…
It is possible to test the theory to see if it is false.
If the participants can’t perform two tasks at once, then, according to the working memory mode, this is because…
The attentional capacity of the central executive was overloaded
What are the two theories of forgetting?
Interference theory and retrieval failure
What is interference theory and when does it most likely occur?
Interference theory suggests that one memory can interfere with the retrieval of another, making it harder to recall the correct memory. This typically happens when the two memories are similar to each other. Essentially, the confusion between the two memories causes one to get in the way of accessing the other.
What are the 3 types of interference?
Proactive interference and Retroactive interference
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference is when an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory. what we already known interfers with what we are currently learning
What is an example of Proactive interference?
If you have learnt Spanish and are now having difficulty learning french, you may get confused with your French and keep accidentally recalling Spanish words
What is retroactive interference?
a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory
later learning interferes with earlier learning
What is an example of retroactive interference?
Such as you know, your present mobile phone number, but cannot now remember your previous one
Who conducted the study for interference causes forgetting and not time?
Baddeley and Hitch
What was the aim of Baddeley and Hitch’s inter
To investigate the effects of interference and the amount of time that elapsed between learning and recall in everyday life
What was the method of Baddeley and Hitch’s interference causes forgetting study?
Rock players were asked to recall the names of team they played earlier in the season. As some players had missed games through injury badly and hitch could assess the effect of the number of interfering games. This represented the interference and the time since the game was played so the decay on recall.
What was the results of Baddeley and Hitch’s interference causes forgetting study?
Players who had played the most games showed the most forgetting. Time elapsed alone had little influence on the levels of forgetting.
What was the conclusion of Baddeley and Hitch’s interference causes forgetting study?
The finding support the view that forgetting was due to interference rather than decay in everyday life
What was the evaluation of Baddeley and Hitch’s interference causes forgetting study?
Many laboratory studies use unrealistic tasks such as the word lists above but some researchers have used more naturalistic ways of studying the effects of interference as this is a field experiment. The research has validity and mundane realism as it was set in real time and was a real situation.
What is decay theory?
Decay theory is a theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time.
What is my first strength of interference theory?
Research studies to support the theory = Baddley and Hitch found low levels of recall in players who had played the most games
What is my addition to the first strength of interference theory?
Baddeley and Hitch’s research into interference theory used real-life events, mundane realism which helps support its ecological validity
What is my first limitation of interference theory?
A limitation of interference theory is that many memory forgetting experiments are conducted in laboratory settings with highly artificial tasks, such as learning two meaningless lists of words within a short period of time.
What is my second limitation of interference theory?
Tulving - Retrieval failure explanation = the theory is ambiguous as not clear, Tulving found interference affects accessibility rather than availability - info can be retrieved with cues - temporarily unavailable
What is retrieval failure?
When information is stored in memory, it’s associated with cues. If these cues aren’t available at recall, the memory cannot be accessed, even though it’s still stored. The memory is available but not accessible.
What is an example of retrieval failure?
having a word or name at the tip of the tongue but not being able to recall it is an example of retrieval failure, going upstairs for a pen, but when you get there you cannot remember what you went upstairs for as soon as you return to the place where you first thought about the penny you are more likely to remember the key is the environment which aided the memory
What are retrieval cues?
Prompts that we associate with a memory and that help retrieval
How do retrieval cues help us achieve memories and when are they formed?
Retrieval cues are formed when we form mental links between an experience, and things that happen around the same time as the experience
When we re-experience things that occurred around the same time as the experience, this reactivates our memory of the experience
What is the encoding specificity principle?
This states that if a queue is to help us retrieve information it must be present at encoding when it is learnt and that retrieval when we recall it if Q are absent at retrieval then they will be forgetting. Some queues are used to link information to help us remember such as pneumonic techniques. (ROYGBIV)
Who theories the encoding specificity principle?
Tulving
Who conducted the study for Retrieval Failure?
Tulving and Pearlston
What was the aim fo Tulving and Pearlsones study for retrieval failure?
To investigate whether the cues from the environment affect recall
What was the method fo Tulving and Pearlsones study for retrieval failure?
Compared recall of 48 words compromising four words from each of 12 categories such as sport food TV. All participants were told to ignore the top categories but on recall only one set of participants were given the top categories as cues
What was the results fo Tulving and Pearlsones study for retrieval failure?
Results showed 40% recall of the words without cues and 60% with the cues
What was the conclusion fo Tulving and Pearlsones study for retrieval failure?
They study provides evidence for retrieval failure. It would seem that the condition who didn’t have the categories knew more than they could recall as both groups learned in the same condition if the free recall group had been given the cues, they would be able to recall more words
What was the evaluation fo Tulving and Pearlsones study for retrieval failure?
As a controlled experiment, this research has low ecological validity
What is context dependent forgetting?
occurs when recall depends on an external cue, e.g. the environment/surroundings.
What is state dependent forgetting?
occurs when recall depends on an internal cue, e.g. the feelings/emotions involved (feeling happy, sad, angry, distressed etc.)
What are external cues?
Things around us that we experienced at the same time as encoding the memory. -
What are internal cues, give an example?
Things that we felt and thought around the time of encoding a memory.
Layla goes to a haunted house where she’s scared out of her wits, and she suddenly remembers the time she was really scared when she was climbing up a steep mountain.
What is cue dependent forgetting theory?
The theory that we forget when we are unable to find a retrieval cue to help us retrieve a memory
What is my first strength of retrieval failure?
Lots of evidence to support the theory:
- Tulving and Pearlstone, increases the validity = controlled conditions that limit extraneous variables
What is my first limitation of retrieval failure?
As an explanation for forgetting the role of contextual factors may be overstated:
Goddon & Badeley’s context of land and water are extreme differences: not representative of real life - lack ecological validity
What is my second strength of retrieval failure?
Smiths study support context dependent forgetting: found imagining where learning took place at recall was as effective on recall as being in the same room - also the basic principle of CI
What did Goddon and Baddeley do for their content dependent forgetting experiment?
- Godden and Baddeley made participants learn word lists on land and under water.
- Godden and Baddeley tested the effect of external cues by testing recall under water or on land.
- Participants’ recall was better when they were tested in the same context as they learned the information.
What predictions would interference theory and retrieval theory make about participants’ recall?
- Interference theory predicts that participants with more lists to learn would recall less well.
Interference theory doesn’t predict that cues have any effect on participant recall - Interference theory predicts that participants would recall equally well in cued and free recall
- Cue-dependent forgetting predicts that participants would learn better when they are given cues
What is an eyewitness testimony?
An eyewitness testimony is the ability of people to remember details of events such as accidents or crimes that they have observed.
Why is the accuracy of eyewitness testimony important?
The accuracy of eyewitness testimony is crucial because inaccurate testimonies may lead to miscarriages of justice, such as wrongful convictions.
What does the Devlin Report (1976) say about eyewitness testimony in legal proceedings?
The Devlin Report (1976) states that juries cannot convict someone based solely on a single eyewitness testimony; other sources of evidence must be used.
What is schema?
An organised knowledge, belief or feelings about an aspect of the world. Research shows that existing schemas about everyday items influence our memory such that memory for events seems to be active and reconstructive based on existing knowledge.
What is confabulation?
The process of adjusting memories to fit with expectations, beliefs and stereotypes.
What are the 4 main factors that can influence the accuracy of an eye witness testimony?
- schemas
- leading questions
- post event discussion
- anxiety
What is a mental schema?
Mental frameworks that we develop from past experiences.
How do schemas influence our memory?
When we retrieve memories, we use pre-existing schemas to fill in missing gaps.
Schemas can cause us to misremember events in a way that is consistent with our schemas.
What are the two types of misleading information in EWT?
Leading questions and post event discussion
What are leading questions and an example?
A question that is phrased that it suggests a certain answer.
Was the knife in the accused’s right hand
Who conducted a study for leading questions affecting immediate recall of the event (leading questions) and what was their aim?
Loftus and Palmer
Loftus and Palmer investigated how accurately participants could recall a video of a car crash after being asked leading questions about the crash.
What was Loftus and Palmers study for leading questions affecting immediate recall of the event (leading questions)?
Show participants a film of a car crash and asked them to describe what happened to answer the questions. One critical question concern the speed of the car on impact one group was asked how far is the cars going when they hit each other all the groups are asking the same question but with the bird changed to smashed bumped collided or contacted. The verb contacted produced the lowest speed estimate of 31 mph and smash produce the highest speed estimate of 40 mph
What was the findings of Loftus and Palmers study?
- When the verb used to describe the accident was more intense the participants judged the cars as driving more quickly.
- The way they asked the question influenced the participants’ memory of how quickly the cars were going.
- A week later, when asked a leading question about smashed glass, many participants had a false memory that there was some in the video.
What did Loftus and Palmer do in their second study to investigate whether leading questions permanently affect memory?
One week later, participants we asked did you see any broken glass? Participants in the smash group were more likely to report seeing broken glass at the accident when there was none?
What are the 2 reasons why leading questions affect the reliability of EWT?
Response bias explanation and substitution explanation
What is the response bias explaination?
The wording of a question has no effect on ppts memories, but affects how they answer the question (No change in belief
What is substitution explanation?
the wording of a question actually changes the ppts memories. This is demonstrated where participants who were questioned using the verb ‘smashed’ were more likely to report seeing broken glass than those who were questioned with the verb ‘hit’
What is post event discussion?
When co witnesses discuss a crime with each other, their eyewitness testimonies may become contaminated
Who did the study for post event discussion?
Gabbert
What was Gabberts study for post event discussion?
studies participants in pairs. Both participants watched the same scene of a crime from a different angle so that each participant could see different details of event. Both participants discussed what they had seen and then individually completed a test of recall. 71% of the participants recalled details of the event that they could not have seen from the video but had learned in the discussion
What is my first evaluation point for misleading information?
What is my second evaluation point for misleading information?
What is my third evaluation point for misleading information?
What does anxiety do to eye witnesses testimonies?
Anxiety has a strong emotional and physical impact; evidence shows mixed results for the effect of anxiety on the accuracy of eye witness testimonies
How does anxiety have a positive effect on recall?
The stress of witnessing an accident/ crime creates anxiety through physiological arousal in the body; the fight or flight response. This increases our alertness and improves our memory of an event as we are more aware of cues in the situation
Who conducted the study for Anxiety having a positive effect on recall?
Yuille and Cutshall
What was Yuille and Cutshall for anxiety having a positive effect on recall?
A thief in Vancouver stole from a gun shop but was shot dead by the shop owner. 13 of the 21 witness interviewed by the police agreed to take part in the study.
They were interviewed 4 to 5 months after the incident and responses were compared with the original piece interview at this time for shooting
They were also asked to write the anxiety at the time of the incident on a scale of one to 7 and asked whether they’ve had emotional problems since then such a sleeplessness
What was the findings fpr Yuille and Cutshall for anxiety having a positive effect on recall?
Recall accurate there was a little change and the amount of information after 4 to 5 months although some details were less accurate such as height and weight estimate the participants who reported the highest level distress for the most accurate 88% competing 75% for the lease stress group
Why does anxiety have a negative effect on recall?
Anxiety produces physiological arousal which prevents us from paying attention to important cues
If people feel a little bit anxious…
their accuracy gets better .
But if people feel very anxious…
, their accuracy gets worse .
Who conducted the study for anxiety having a negative effect on recall?
Loftus
What was Loftus study for anxiety having a negative effect on recall and what did the results show?
Love to show the group of participants the short film of either; A) a person pointed a gun at the cashier and receiving cash or B) a person handling a check to the cashier and receiving cash
The results showed that every details with coen the gun condition land in the condition however this is not a real life situation
What is my first evaluation point for the effects of anxiety of EWT?
What is my second evaluation point for the effects of anxiety of EWT?
What is my third evaluation point for the effects of anxiety of EWT?
What is the cognitive interview?
Who developed the cognitive interview and why?
Fisher and Geiselman as a technique to help the police when interviewing an eyewitness, it is an attempt to maximise the range of retrieval cues.
What would the interviewer ask the eyewitness to do?
Report everything
Reinstate the context
reverse the order
change perspective
What does it mean to report everything?
Witnesses are encouraged to include every detail of the event even if it seems irrelevant. Seemingly trivial details may be important and may be useful to trigger such queue other important memories this relates to the theory of retrieval failure.
What does reinstate the context mean?
The witnesses returned to the crime scene in their mind and reimagined the environment such as the weather in their emotions. This also relates to the related forgetting and relates to the theory of retrieval failure.
What does reverse the order mean?
Recall events in a different order from the original sequence of events for example start at the end of the event then report what happened in the middle. This is done to prevent people from reporting their expectations of how they must’ve happened rather than what they have actually happened. This prevents us schemas
What does change the perspective mean?
Witnesses should recall the incident from other people’s perspectives for example what the Perry would have seen during the crime. This also prevents expectations from affecting the way that the crime is described and use schemas
When we retrieve memories, we…
reconstruct them based on incomplete fragments.
The cognitive interview is…
an interview technique designed to improve memory accuracy.
Who conducted the study for the cognitive interview?
Giselman
What was the methods of Geiselman study for the evidence of the cognitive interview?
Showed 89 ppts a police training film simulating violent crimes. 48 hours later they were interviewed about the film by an experienced LA police officer using either
condition A: cognitive interview
Condition B: standard police interview
Condition C: interview using hypnosis
What were the findings of Geiselman study for the evidence of the cognitive interview?
Found that the Cognitive interview elicted the most accurate recall and there was no significant difference in the number or errors made - concluding the CI made the ppts less susceptible to leading questions
Why was the cognitive interview designed?
was designed to improve the accuracy of EWT
What is the enhanced cognitive interview?
In 1987 Geiselman and Fisher designed a modified version of the cognitive interview that focussing on building a trusting relationship between the interviewer and the witness
Who created the enhanced cognitive interview and what did he do?
Fisher they developed additional elements of the CI to focus on the social dynamics of the social situation
What should the interviewer in the enhanced cognitive interview do?
- know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it
- reduce eyewitness anxiety, minimise distractions, get the eyewitness to speak slowly and ask open ended questions
By encouraging witnesses not to guess when they don’t know, which can make them remember things that didn’t happen, the enhanced cognitive interview reduces the likelihood of…
False memories
What is my first evaluation point for the use of the cognitive interview?
What is my second evaluation point for the use of the cognitive interview?
What is my third evaluation point for the use of the cognitive interview?
